The Brown vs Board of Education Case

Fifty years ago when the decision was handed down in the Brown vs Board of Education case segregated school systems came to a screeching halt. Five decades later there are still hot debates on the effectiveness of such a ruling. Today, while schools are not legally segregated, there are segregation trends because of the way populations gather in areas and the local schools are impacted by such populations. Laws have been in place to prevent segregation and children have been bused across town to try and achieve racial balance, but recent changes to legislation have stopped that as well. Today, the nation is divided on the segregated school issue once again. The main theme of the first article is that segregation in schools today, does not take on the same meaning as it did when the Brown decision was handed down. Today, according to the author population imbalance has more to do with population desires to be located near each other, as is the case with many Spanish speaking and European areas of the nation(Mckenna 1995). According to the author, segregation in this case is a positive thing as it places people of the same language in the same area thereby reducing fear and inability to function until the children can develop stronger English skills(Mckenna 1995). The author believes that the answer to racism is not to force busing or other methods that will put children in diverse school populations. Instead, the author believes racism can be ended by working on society as a whole and embracing the very differences that make America the nation that it is today. For the most part I agree with the article. I know if I did not speak English I would be hesitant to allow my child to be bused across the city just for the sake of racial balance within the school system. I would prefer to keep them close to a familiar area with their familiar language being spoken. I do not agree however with the statement that segregated schools are not evil. I believe there is a fine line between not pushing kids and letting them be left behind. If we do not force the balance of race within the school system we must instead be very careful not to let the minority school systems fall by the wayside when it comes to funding and other things that make education possible. In the second article the author believes that segregated schools put certain students at a disadvantage. Citing the problems including not preparing children for a naturally diverse society the author believes it is essential to mix the races while students are young enough to embrace such cultural differences(Droesch, 1996). â€Å"With or without a desegregation plan in place, many of our children continue to experience segregation and racial bias in school. If our children continue to live in racially polarized communities and attend segregated schools, they will be at a distinct disadvantage in today's global village. For all of our region's youth to meet the challenges of working in a multicultural world, they must have the opportunity to learn in an environment that advocates inclusion and respect for diversity(Droesch, 1996).† The author believes desegregation plans for school systems is a beginning step to solving the problem of racism in America. I agree that segregated schools will cause a continued polarized attitude. I agree with the author that we must prepare our nation†s children for a racially diverse community. I believe it is important to reach students when they are young and most open to diversity. This will assist in the nation†s global effort to stop racism. I agree more with the second article than the first one if language barriers are taken out of the equation.

Jextra Case

Jextra Neighborhood Stores Case Analysis This report analyzes the ethical dilemma faced by Jextra’s country manager, Tom Chong, who was responsible for Neighbourhood Markets in Malaysia. Jextra Stores was a Hong Kong based company that operated retail stores in China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam. In 2005, the company successfully entered Malaysia, operating supermarkets under the name of Neighborhood Markets (Inkpen, 2010). Jextra identified a promising site in Klang, near the capital of Kuala Lumpur, to open a new supermarket (Inkpen, 2010).Mr. Chong needs to evaluate a proposal made by the Mayor of Kang, which might be considered bribery. In this case, Mr. Chong faces social and ethical challenges that may affect the company’s operations, performance, and competitiveness in the region as well as Mr. Chong’s career. The major social issues include those related to law, culture, and ethics. The report also analyzes anti-brib ery corruption enacted by the U. K Bribery Act and the U. S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).The report concludes with recommendations to Jextra such as seeking proper legal advice, implementing an effective business code of conduct, providing inter-cultural and ethics training to managers, using a geocentrism approach and conducting an internal investigation for the Malaysian category manager. Analysis Social, Ethical, or Legal Challenges International firms operating abroad often face social challenges because they operate in markets with different legal and political systems (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010, p. 111).Each country has a legal system that provides â€Å"the rules that regulate behavior, the processes by which laws are enforced, and the procedures used to resolve grievances† (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010, p. 111). In the case of Malaysia, the country relies on a dual legal system based on common law and theocratic law. English Common law is b ased on tradition and judicial precedents (stare decisis). This type of legal system is used in, among others, U. S. , U. K. , India, Canada, Hong Kong, Australia, and New Zealand (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010).Malaysia also relies on Muslim law (or Sharia), which is based on religious precepts and beliefs. Muslim law prevails in Turkey, Kuwait, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, etc. (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). In developing countries, such as Malaysia, foreign companies and managers, such as Mr. Chong, may encounter legal risks due to the legal framework and the effectiveness of the legal system (Ling & Hoang, 2010). In recent years, Malaysia has opened its market towards liberalization of trade and services and globalization (Tahir & Ismail, 2007).Like other emerging markets, such as Mexico, China, India, and Brazil, Malaysia represents an attractive market. However, MNEs are bound to face legal challenges in emerging markets because they have an inadequate commer cial infrastructure, weak legal system, and high-risk environment (Pearson, 2011a; Pearson, 2011b). For instance, Malaysian civil and commercial laws regarding business payments for social purposes are not clear. It is a common practice in Klang and Kuala Lumpur to make social contributions for community projects, such as schools and roads (Inkpen, 2010). Additional legal issues that Mr.Chong may face in Malaysia are the â€Å"insufficient legal infrastructure for enforcing legal judgment† and â€Å"uncertainty and unfairness of court justice† (Ling & Hoang, 2010, p. 157). In Malaysia, the regulations regarding foreign investment lack transparency (Inkpen, 2010) and there had been many cases of bribery involving public officials. Malaysia has a high tendency toward corruption, which refers to â€Å"the misuse of entrusted power for private gain† (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010, p. 191). According to the TI Corruption Perception Index (2010), Malaysia was r anked 4. on of a scale of 0 (more likely to pay bribe) to 10 (less like to pay bribe) (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Russia, People’s Republic of China and Italy precede Malaysia in terms of frequency and size of bribes (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Mr. Chong knows about recent cases of corporate bribery in Malaysia and in the retail industry. There had been scandals regarding foreign investors who bribed public officials or financed government programs to obtain business privileges or competitive advantage (Inkpen, 2010).Moreover, there was a recent case of bribery involving a Jextra’s country manager in the Philippines. More likely, this manager also encountered similar ethical dilemmas like Mr. Chong. Some individual factors that may have driven him to act unethically in the Philippines could have been pressure from the company to expand and gain competitive advantage in the region. Alternatively, he might have simply wanted to advance his career as a country manager, lacked of ethics or did not know the local laws regarding bribery.Additionally, he might not have received or requested support from the top management regarding the social and ethical issues raised in the Philippines. Mr. Chong, as an experienced manager, should have anticipated that he would encounter legal and ethical risks in Malaysia. Mr. Chong face major challenges due to the weak legal framework and wide spread corruption in Malaysia. Additionally, Mr. Chong is not familiar with Malaysian domestic law and International law. For instance, Mr. Chong does not know whether accepting the Mayor’s offer would breach Malaysian law.It is against the International law to offer money, directly or indirectly, to officials of foreign governments (in this case the Mayor of Klang), to obtain a business advantage (help Jextra with the landing zone) (Inkpen, 2010). According to Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan (2010), it is crucial for foreign firms and managers t hat operate overseas to be familiar with domestic law and international law. Moreover, Mr. Chong does not know the legal policies of his home country, and therefore, if contributing to obtain a business benefit would be considered illegal in Hong Kong, if it were not through the right channel (Jextra Social Fund).Jextra Social Fund provides financing for educational and social projects (Inkpen, 2010). However, Mr. Chong is not sure whether he should go through this channel to make the contribution in order to expedite the zoning process. Additionally, Jextra’s Business Code does not help Mr. Chong to make a decision regarding this matter. Mr. Chong is not sure whether financing the primary school in Klang would be against Jextra’s Business Conduct Code. Jextra’s Business Conduct Code states â€Å"employees could not offer benefits to third parties in connection with business matters† (Inkpen, 2010, p. 3). However, Mr.Chong does not know if the contributio n would really benefit the community or individuals, such as the Mayor of Klang or his sister; the sister of the Mayor is a member of the school board. Mr. Chong also faces challenges with regard to the differences of culture between Malaysia and his home country, China. Research shows that individuals from different cultures may face challenges in understanding the behavior and values of others in the host country. Thus, this can cause a cultural clash (Tahir & Ismael, 2010). However, China and Malaysia are culturally close, so it can be expected that Mr.Chong adjust more easily than if he were to do business in countries with more cultural distance, such as France, U. S. or Germany (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Both, Malaysia and China present many similarities regarding its culture. Based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, both countries have a high degree of power distance (PDI), collectivism, masculinity (MAS), and high uncertainty avoidance (UAI). (Dani els, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Additionally, Mr. Chong may have a different level of ethical sensitivity than its counterparts in Malaysia (Chan & Cheung, 2012).People from different cultures have different ethics, which are influenced by their beliefs and cultural values (Chan & Cheung, 2012). Other challenges that may rise are problems regarding communications. As noted by Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan (2010), â€Å"cross-border communications do not always translate as intended† (p. 67) and can lead to misunderstandings. For instance, Mr Chong is not sure about what the Mayor meant when he asked to pay for the primary school; whether he asked to pay the entire cost of the school or just a part (Inkpen, 2010). Resolving the Mayor’s RequestsAccepting the Mayor’s offer and financing the project without using the right company’s channel (Jextra Social Fund) would be illegal. It also might go against Jextra’s corporate culture and Business Con duct Code. Bribery is wrong and unethical, and as noted by Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan (2010), â€Å"it affects both company and country economies† (p. 192). Research shows that high levels of corruption have a strong correlation with low levels of per capita income and low national growth rates (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2010). Having another bribery scandal would erode Jextra’s reputation and image.It would compromise the legitimacy of the company worldwide and its operations (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2010). It is challenging for foreign managers to avoid bribe payments when these are regarded as a usual business practice in the host country (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2010). Even though, it would be easier for Mr. Chong to just pay the bribe to the Mayor of Klang and â€Å"fall back on the standard of cultural relativism† (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2010, p. 195). As a manager, Mr. Chong should act responsibly and ethically , nd in compliance with local law, corporate culture and International law. The best approach for Mr. Chong would be to report to the Regional Operating Officer responsible for Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand and to the CEO, and CFO of the Supermarket and Hypermarket Divisions of the company in Hong Kong (Inkpen, 2010). Definitely, Mr. Chong should consult this issue with top management. Jextra and Mr. Chong should also receive legal advice from a reputable law firm in Malaysia regarding the legality of the Mayor’s offer, and if accepting the offer would constitute an offense under the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the U. K. Bribery Act. If it does constitute bribery, then the best option for Mr. Chong would be to reject the mayor’s offer and proceed through formal channels to get the zoning approval (Inkpen, 2010). U. S. FCPA and the U. K. Bribery Act Even though Jextra is based in Hong Kong, the company is not exempt from the extraterritorial reach o f the U. K Bribery Act and the U. S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012). The FCPA refers to legislation enacted in 1977 that outlaws bribery (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012).It makes illegal bribery payments by U. S. companies to political parties and foreign officials. This legislation applies to operations in the U. S. and international operations as well, and to company’s employees and their agents abroad (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Not only U. S citizens, U. S companies or â€Å"issuers of securities on US exchanges† (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012, p. 3) are potentially liable under the FCPA, but also individuals of any nationality that make bribery payments to any foreign government official while staying in the U.S. (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012, p. 3). There is lack of consistency in the provisions of FCPA. For instance, it is not legal to pay to public officials to facilitate business transactions (referred to a s â€Å"facilitating payments or grease money†) (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010, p. 194). However, payments must be made to officials who are directly responsible for the transactions. In 1988, the FCPA enacted a new amendment that excludes grease money from bribery (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010, p. 194).In that case, under the FCPA, if Jextra finances the primary school through the Social Fund and make the payments directly to the Mayor’s sister in order to expedite the landing zone, it may not be unlawful. The payments should be made to someone who is directly involved with the primary school, such as the Mayor’s sister or other member of the school board and cannot be made to the Mayor directly. The U. K. Bribery Act became effective on July 1, 2011 and as the FCPA, it has a vast jurisdictional reach (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012, p. 3).The Bribery Act provides legislation regarding acts of bribery, and makes it an offense for companies that d o not prevent bribery (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012). The jurisdictional reach of the Bribery Act is wider when companies or individuals with a close relationship to the U. K. Additionally, under the Bribery Act, foreign individuals who commit bribery overseas while residing in the U. K could also be prosecuted, commit offenses (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012). Foreign companies, such as Jextra, can be also subject to FCPA scrutiny; even though its business activity has little relation with the U.S. and the company mainly operates in Asia. Non-U. S. companies could be found liable for conduct outside the U. S. that constitutes an offense under U. S. Criminal law (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012). FCPA incorporates extraterritorial provisions in its legislation. Therefore, as noted by Arnold and PorterAdvisory (2012), it is important that MNEs, consider â€Å"the potential liability under the FCPA to which their operations may be exposed† (p. 3), whether conducting business i n the U. S. or outside. Mr. Chong should act in compliance with the FCPA and Bribery Act.Managers are responsible when corruption is afoot and need to be vigilant with their actions. In addition, Jextra is responsible for ensuring that its â€Å"anti-corruption measures satisfy both jurisdictions† (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012, p. 6). In today’s global economy, international companies, such as Jextra have may worldwide connections through its suppliers and subsidiaries. Under the Bribery Act, it could be established some type of association, for instance through a Jextra’s parent company or subsidiary, so that if the company was to commit bribery it could still be prosecuted in the U.K. Therefore, Jextra and Mr. Chong should be extremely cautios and take into consideration that both the Bribery Act and the FCPA may have direct impact on the company’s operations; even if the company has little connection with U. K and U. S. (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 201 2, p. 6). Chong’s Recommendations to Jextra Malaysia lacks of a developed legal system and has a risky business environment, which make it challenging for foreign companies, such as Jextra, to conduct business in an ethical, fair, and responsible manner.Chong’s recommendations to Jextra include seeking proper legal counsel regarding Malaysian commercial and civil laws, and payments to government officials. An additional recommendation is to implement an effective internal business code of conduct. A clear code of conduct would mitigate some of the problems that Mr. Chong faces. The code should set global policies for Jextra’s employees and any individual working for the company (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). The code of conduct should not only be communicated to all Jextra’ s employees, but also to its suppliers and contractors.Additionally, the code of conduct should ensure that its policies are carried out. For instance, Jextra should make empl oyees sign a written agreement conforming that they read and understood the code of conduct (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Additionally, Jextra should require managers to go through a formal program that teaches them the company’s ethical code of conduct. It is vital for Jextra to implement the right measures and procedures, as well as strictly enforce these measures, to prevent bribery and other unethical behaviors among its employees.This would help the company to avoid potential prosecution and civil litigation under the FCPA and The Bribery Act. A third recommendation would include an internal investigation regarding Mr. Alam conduct. As a category manager, Mr. Alam may be using his position in the company for personal gain (Inkpen, 2010). Mr. Chong as a supervisor of Mr. Alam need to ensure that Mr. Alam is not taking bribes or gifts from suppliers, or benefitting his father-in-law. An additional recommendation include inter-cultural training for Jextra’s managers assigned abroad.When conducting business overseas, it is imperative that managers receive adequate training regarding the legal and political environment, international law, and national culture of the host country. Managers should also receive training in ethics to avoid unethical conduct. Additionally, when conducting international business, geocentrism is a good approach. According to Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan (2010) geocentrism requires firms â€Å"to balance informed knowledge of their own organizational cultures with home- and host-country needs, capabilities and constraints† (p. 4). Jextra should integrate its own company practices, Malaysian practices, and new practices as well (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Conclusions and Lessons Learned Legal policies, which include domestic law and international law, play a major role in determining how global companies can conduct businesses abroad (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). International firm s should act responsibly and ensure that its employees act in accordance with the domestic law where they operate and do not commit any offense under the FCPA and Bribery Act.By acting ethically, companies can create competitive advantage, shared value, and avoid being perceived as unethical and irresponsible by the local and global communities (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010; Porter, 2010). As a potential global manager I learned that it is crucial for global firms to set clear codes of conduct, ensure compliance with the codes (training, auditing programs), and enforce the policies in the code (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010).However, foreign managers will still face ethical dilemmas when working in a different legal and political environment. Managers need to be knowledgeable about cultural, legal, political, and ethical factors in order to succeed in their assignment overseas (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Therefore, managers should receive adequate inter-cu ltural training and counseling about the host country’s values, norms, legal and political system. Managers should be a role model for other employees by showing cultural awareness and ethical behavior.

Israel Settlements and the Issue of Palestinian Restitution Essay

Israel Settlements and the Issue of Palestinian Restitution - Essay Example The rest of the area would have been linked to Transjordan but for smaller part that would have stayed under the control of the British. One of these parts would have been the city of Jerusalem. Another tenet of the recommendation called for removal of the entire Arab population in the Jewish area. This removal would be forcible if it had come to that. Looking ahead to forging a larger area of out this small offering, the Zionist leaders okayed the proposed state, while the Arabs immediately rejected it. Although two other plans for partition were take into consideration, eventually it all came to naught. Perhaps nothing involved in the Israeli/Palestinian conflict is so controversial and difficult to achieve consensus on as restitution of land to the Palestinians. The question of Palestinian land restitution goes back to the moment it was decided to establish a Jewish state in Israel. That decision was in turn prompted by World War II. This claim to land has been made by the Palestinian Authority in the name of all those who were displaced from their homeland amidst the settlement of the nation of Israel in 1948 and the resulting wars that have marked the area ever since. Following WWI, even more Jews moved to Palestine and the rise of Hitler and his persecution policy upped the ante even more. Hitler alone cannot bear the full brunt of the problem, however. Many point to the restrictive British immigration policy has playing a major role in the development of the current day problem. In addition, one aspect of that policy was also found to be thoroughly unacceptable by the Arabs, t hat of partitioning. The immigration issue was further highlighted by when the World Zionist Congress demanded that one million Jews be admitted to Palestine after WWII. Obviously, this shook the Arab country to their very core. The formation of the Arab League of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Jordan was overseen by Great Britain with a benevolent eye. It was the hope of England and other European countries that pan-Arabism could lead to a coordinated policy that would have a settling effect on the region. In February of 1947, the British took the problem of Palestine to the UN, resulting in the UN Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). The result was exactly what was feared: recommendation of a country partitioned between Jews and Palestinians (Kimberling & Medal 146). The response of Great Britain was to swiftly get out of the region before it jeopardized its position among the Arab nations or got caught up in turmoil that was clearly on the horizon. That turmoil was expressed through acts of terrorism from both Israelis and Palestinians. Finally, Great Britain did withdraw, on the very day that Israel achieved its independence, May 14, 1948. The newly independent nation of Israel was recognized by the United States sixteen minutes after its foundation, and then quickly afterward by the USSR. Almost immediately, Israel was set upon by Egyptian armies. Meanwhile, Jordan and Iraq forces supported Palestinian Arabs in the territory in their calls for land reclamation. During this Israeli battle to retain its independence, on December 11, 1948, the United Nations addressed the refugee issue in Resolution 194, stating that "refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their

Choose an element and research its properties and uses. You must use Essay

Choose an element and research its properties and uses. You must use at least 2 reliable sources for your information. I do not want a list of properties; it must still be in paragraph format - Essay Example Magnesium can never be found in its natural free state because of its highly reactive nature and forms compounds readily such as magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and magnesium fluoride. The melting point for magnesium is 1,200 °F and turns into a gas at 2,025 °F. It is 1.74 times denser than water (Uttley 2000). Burning of magnesium initiates a bright white light and ignites at 650 °C (Krebs 2006). Magnesium harbors a variety of helpful functions in the industrial and chemical world. Magnesium due to its bright flame properties is used in aerial flares and was used as aerial firebombs during war. Magnesium is considered a good construction metal and is used in aircrafts, space and automobile industries. Magnesium is also used in the process of thermal reduction to produce other metals such as zinc, nickel and zirconium. Milk of Magnesia is used as an antacid; magnesium in Epsom salts is used as laxatives and for treating laxatives and Epsom salts are also used for tanning leathers (Krebs 2006). Chemistry is not merely the science of matter and studying different interactions and energy processes of matter, it also makes use of the knowledge to incorporate it in the daily life activities for human benefit. The study of different properties of Magnesium and the ability of magnesium to form an array of compounds enables it to be used for a plethora of purposes in the automobile and aircraft industries, pharmacological uses, leather factories, chemical industries and war-related purposes. Krebs, Robert E.  The History and Use of Our Earths Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2006. Print. Uttley,

Art In The Twenty-First Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art In The Twenty-First Century - Essay Example Her most famous persona is that of Eleanora Antinova, the tragically overlooked black ballerina of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Appearing as Antinova in scripted and non-scripted performances for over a decade, Antin has blurred the distinction between her identity and that of her character. In the process, she has created a rich body of work detailing the multiple facets of her beloved Antinova, including a fictitious memoir and numerous films, photographs, installations, performances, and drawings. She has written two books (Being Antinova and Eleanora Antinova Plays). In her 2001 series "The Last Days of Pompeii," Antin lingers behind the camera to stage the final, catastrophic days of Pompeii in the prosperous hills of La Jolla, California. In "The Golden Death" from this series, the imagined citizens of Pompeii drown in the excess of their own wealth, an ironic parable of American culture in the throes of over-consumption. Eleanor Antin received a Guggenheim Foundation Fel lowship in 1997 and a Media Achievement Award from the National Foundation for Jewish Culture in 1998. She has had numerous solo exhibitions, including an award-winning retrospective at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1999.

Courtship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Courtship - Essay Example Imitating the striking colors and enticing odors nature endows on other living creatures for necessitating mutual attraction which is a prerequisite to sexual consummation, women have adopted sexual statements through their attire and perfumes. Even though men have also taken up this task eventually, the amount to which a female tries to attract someone from the opposite sex through ‘make-up’ is much higher. The most prominent aspect through which sexual suggestiveness is achieved is the use of lipstick. In psychoanalytical readings, the symbolic significance of lips is related to the genital organ, and the ways in which women try to highlight their lips reveals their subconscious longing to express themselves sexually. In every culture, a young woman with deeply colored lips sends the message of sexual desirability. The innovations in women’s attire through the centuries had been amazing. The restricted innovativeness in men’s attire makes clear which gender is more interested in attracting the other through dress. While the inner wear of men serves a functional purpose except in very few exhibitionistic instances, women’s inner wear is under a constant flux of fashion statements. Likewise, the general dress patterns of women undergo much more changes than men’s dress could ever aspire to. There is not much scope for men to accentuate their body parts through their dress while women could choose from varying levels of suggestiveness and exposure through clever ways of dressing. The cosmetic products aimed at female customers abound supermarkets while there are only a few number of such products for men. The time an average woman spends on a hairdo or her skin tone is sufficient to explain the presence of so many women-centered cosmetics in the market. The general grooming of a girl to become a proper lady takes place from the moment she is born, while boys are not generally trained to acquire as many qualities to

Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflection - Assignment Example As such, the three aspects which will be focused upon within this brief analysis will be that of motivation, the relevance and importance of understanding and leveraging conflict to create positive movement, and perhaps most importantly the role in which a manager/leader must play in fostering and developing a more appreciable understanding of ethics and the means by which it applies to the workplace. Perhaps the most salient and important aspect of ethics that has changed was presented within the text is with regards to how the manager is ultimately responsible for ensuring the an ethical appreciation is fostered within the culture of the firm/entity in question. As such, ethics have become differentiated upon the terms of both personal and systemic. If one briefly considers the way that a large company handled business back before the turn of the century they would come to note that the company placed a high degree of emphasis on honesty of the employees and/or shareholders as a fu ndamental requirement that might be espoused. However, namely missing from such an ethical interpretation of company needs would be the reciprocal understanding that it was the sworn duty of the form to exhibit such a level of ethical responsibility with regards to both the employees as well as the end consumer. In this way, ethical considerations of the previous era were more focused on profitability and how the company may wish to safeguard its assets, inclusive of employees, while completely disregarding the ethical responsibilities that management/leadership espoused with relation to the rest of the system. This should of course not be understood to mean that all firms during this time were disrespectful to the ethical considerations that they must necessarily espouse to the customer or to the shareholder/employee. Rather, the level of emphasis, as it exists today was not to such a highly evolved, regulated, and legislated mandate that it has subsequently reached within the past several decades. Applying this understanding of managerial ethics to a particular case study, this level of ethical understanding as a function of profitability is perhaps the single most important reality that must be considered with regards to the global economic collapse 2007/2008. Rather than the shareholders and managers of the situation paying particular attention to the ethical ramifications of their actions, profitability was ultimately championed as the greater good in each and every situation. Due to the fact that management was fully aware of the situation that was taking place and did absolutely nothing to bring these concerns to light, these individuals are ethically and morally culpable to a very high degree. Although it is not the determination of this particular analysis to shed blame with regards to global financial collapse of 2007/2008, it must be understood that an ethical interpretation of the event demands that all parties be analyzed in an unbiased manner. Wi thin such an understanding, the manager must engage in a level of ethical oversight at each and every turn as a means of ensuring that the individuals and

Developing Competitive Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Developing Competitive Advantage - Essay Example In analyzing the information sharing, this paper will look at relevant examples so as to elaborate on the inherent need of information to both the customers and the firms. Discussion The supply chain becomes more efficient with the increased coordination of activities due to automation. Consequently, the need for inventories is reduced. Proctor and Gamble (P&G) is a company that has been operational in the world for a long time. The manufacturer has a relationship with the retailer Wal-Mart (Clark & Lee 2000, p. 126). The relationship between the two companies has to be analyzed from a transactional perspective as well as from an operational and strategic one. The two companies, apart from sharing information with each other have gone ahead to share the same information with their customers. This has stemmed from the need by the companies to involve their customers in the pricing of products as well as increasing the value of these products. The basis of the relationship between the companies and the customers is based on mutual trust. P&G and Wal-Mart are not only partners but also competitors. Therefore, the trend that they have set in the sharing of information can be analyzed from the benefits that the two derive from being in a relationship with each other as well as with their customers. The sharing of information has to be approached cautiously. Naturally, many companies are skeptical that the information that they share with the customers as well as competitors would be used in a negative manner which may hurt the company’s profitability. Doctors concede that the patient they treat today have a major difference from the patients that they treated in the years gone by. Once a patient seeks out a doctor, the patient is usually armed with information regarding the treatment procedures that are available for the conditions that they may have. The doctor will start by giving the patient the preliminary information regarding the condition from where th e patient will inquire more on the treatment procedure and the condition. The patients will want to know the different risk factors that are involved in treatment as well as the benefits that are to be gotten from the procedures. This sharing of information between doctors and patients explains why the business environment is changing. The consumers of certain products require that the producers share the information that they have on the products (Seidmann & Sundararajan 1998, p. 34). There are very many chat rooms on the internet that are aimed at sharing information on a hoard of topics. The members of these chat rooms will critique as well as praise some products. At the end of it all, the consumer is armed with the necessary information in order to make a certain purchase. When Michael Dell started IBM, the cost of a computer was $3,000. This suggested that the markup from selling the machines as well as the costs were too high. He saw it prudent to reduce the costs associated with the assembly of the machines so that they would retail at lesser prices. In attempting to do this, he had to use less expensive methods of sourcing for the raw materials as well as internal ways that would cost less. The box, speakers, memory, hard disks and drives were being

ABRAHAM LINCOLN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ABRAHAM LINCOLN - Essay Example He became interested in local politics and he was a strong supporter of Whig party. He was self-educated and he became a country lawyer after passing his bar examination in 1836. He got into politics and he won the Illinois state legislature position in 1834 and that was his major turning point in his career and political life. He had attained popularity and he could attract crowds in New Salem. He lost the first time in his campaign for Illinois General Assembly because he lacked powerful friends, education and money (Freedman 18). He strongly opposed the spread of slavery and discrimination based on race and he advocated for renovations and improvements at the Sangomon River. He had a vision of expanding America and making it a home for every person regardless of the skin color. Abraham focused on cities and commerce more than Agriculture. After passing his bar examination, he moved to spring field where he worked as a lawyer and it was there where he met his wife, Mary Todd. She w as from a wealthy family which had held hostage many slaves in Kentucky. He married her on 4th November 1842 in Springfield. They bought a house near his office and his wife kept it with the help of a servant or a relative. Their first son Robert Todd got born in 1843 and their second born son, Edward Baker followed in 1846.

Critically analyse how the government debt problems initially faced by Essay

Critically analyse how the government debt problems initially faced by a few relatively small economies could trigger such a wid - Essay Example The issues referring to the economies affected by the crisis shall also be discussed in this paper in order to establish the impact of sovereign debt to the euro financial crisis. This paper is being carried out in order to establish an academic and analytical discussion of the European crisis, linking its causes with its eventual impact on a larger economic region. Body The European crisis significantly impacted on the European financial market. Various elements colluded in order to cause the European crisis, with the crisis more or less unfolding in smaller economies, including Greece, Portugal, and Ireland. The money market was significantly affected by the deterioration in market conditions which started in 2007 (European Central Bank, 2012). The interbank markets are usually subjected to counterparty risk. The collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 led to lower confidence in the market, which then caused issues in financial integration (European Central Bank, 2012). Such event trig gered the increase in cross-country dispersion in overnight rates, as well as lower interbank market activity. Although measures to address market tension were implemented by the European Central Bank, the tension re-emerged in 2010 due to pressures in euro government bond markets (European Central Bank, 2012). More remedies were implemented by the ECB which helped improve the money market in the euro area. However, in 2011, more pressures on the euro sovereign bonds caused issues in market integration. Such deterioration also became apparent in the secured financial market. In 2011, the ECB once again introduced remedies to ensure liquidity support for financial institutions (European Central Bank, 2012). Price-based remedies implied deterioration in the integration of the money market, specifically for short maturities. Integration gains which were expected after the bailouts were reversed by the crisis. With longer maturities, the measures of integration seemed to be stable; howe ver in 2011, these measures actually indicated deterioration (Dadush, et.al., 2010). The sovereign bond markets went through significant tension in 2011. During the onset of the financial crisis in 2010, only three smaller countries were severely affected; however, in 2011, the larger countries were soon affected, especially in terms of their bond yields (European Central Bank, 2012). Moreover, market declines in sovereign yields could not be reached with the implementation of fiscal adjustments, as in the case of Ireland. Improvements in the sovereign bond market were evaluated based on simultaneous movements in yields. Europe for the past 2-3 years has been faced with a very serious crisis (European Commission, 2010). The bond market has already been closing to the euro-area countries, and for those who are still open, they are charging high rates of interest for any loans or investments. The increase in bond yields is based on the fact that where investors view more significant r isks associated with their investments in a country’s bonds, they would also likely need higher returns in compensation for such risks (European Commission, 2009). An unfavourable cycle often ensues from this situation as the demand for higher yields would lead to higher costs in borrowing for the country. This causes financial issues

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Napoleon is the main character from the book Animal Farm written by George Orwell. He is a demanding, overpowering pig who always gets what he wants. In the book Napoleon is a common pig that gets rid of the pig that shares power with him, Snowball and takes over the leader ship of the farm which he later turns into a dictatorship. The difference between Napoleon and Snowball is what makes the book powerful and refers to what real people get manipulated easily. Napoleon is based on the real life person Joseph Stalin, who ruled the Soviet Union for 30 years. The name Napoleon comes from the French general Napoleon Bonaparte, who was power crazy and a dictator. In the book Napoleon is a bad pig from the beginning. He fights along with his fellow pig, Snowball to free the farm from humans but later on starts making some suspicious decisions such as drinking the milk that the animals have worked for and taking the puppies of Jessie and Bluebell for himself. Napoleon takes over by sending his dogs after Snowball, who runs away, do to fear. Slowly but surely we see him take one step at a time towards the crown of being the only leader. For example he changes the seven Commandments rules against killing, drinking, and sleeping in bed. All the animals are forced to work just as hard as before the rebellion and they don’t even get enough food. Napoleon makes the other animals fear him by killing the animals that have made wrong decisions and starving some of them because they don’t do as he says. Soon enough everyone does as he wishes and behaves after his will. Napoleon praises himself for all the things that he has done for the animals which in the end is nothing.

Null Hypothesis And Alternative Hypothesis Philosophy Essay

Null Hypothesis And Alternative Hypothesis Philosophy Essay In order to survive in the business world, business units today are forced to innovate and launch the products immediately in the market. But this is easier said than done. Numerous factors come into the picture for this to materialise. Notably among them is the fact that too much cost factor which comes into the picture. For the product launching is well planned and thought off activity. The activities include conducting market surveys which in plain sense means that the business units are required to conduct or determine the feasibility of the new product within a limited area and then based on the results they take further course of action i.e. go ahead with the launch of the product or to drop the project altogether. In other words, business units conduct sample surveys i.e. obtaining the response on a small piece of the larger picture and then based on the results of the small piece, estimate the likely response on the larger piece of the picture. The small piece is known as the sample and the larger piece is known as the population. Thus the concept of sample and population plays a vital role and assists the management in taking core decisions which may or not prove fruitful in the survival of the business. In order, to take decisions based on the sample and to estimate the population parameters business units are required to start with some of the assumptions or the hypothesis. And, based on assumptions or hypothesis about the population it is tested meaning that whatever the assumption that they started with, whether the assumption was correct or incorrect. Thus we have hypothesis testing. Let us take an example to illustrate what has been said above. Suppose, the business units want to bring in a new product in the market which will increase the market share and hence the profitability of the business unit. In this case, the hypothesis would be introduction of new product will increase the profitability and based on this the survey would be conducted. The results of analysis of the data will reveal whether the hypothesis was correct or incorrect. This unit will cover the basics of hypothesis and its testing; the steps required to test the hypothesis. This unit will also cover the types and characteristics of hypothesis and the like. Objectives After studying this unit, the reader will be able to: Understand the basic concepts of hypothesis Understand the various types and the characteristics of hypothesis Understand the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis Understand the two tailed and the one tailed tests involved in the testing of hypothesis Understand the criterion when to accept or when to reject the hypothesis Understand the manner in which decisions are to be taken on the basis of the results arrived during the process of testing of hypothesis 6.2 Defining Hypothesis In order to discuss the basics of hypothesis testing in detail let us now, define what is meant by hypothesis. Simply speaking, hypothesis is a unit of the inferential statistics (i.e. the branch of statistics which is used to infer information on the collected data) which is used to test a claim about the larger portion (which is called population) based on the data collected from the smaller part known as sample. In other words hypothesis testing is the process of staking claim based on the values obtained from the sample. Let us take an example in order to drive home the point illustrated above. A manufacturer involved in the manufacturing of types claims that the average life of their tires will last at least 70,000 kms. We want to test the claim made by the manufacturer. The process we will adopt is to take a sample of tires, run them until they see how many kms. on average they have lasted. If the sample has lasted over 70,000 kms, then we do have the reason to believe that the claim is correct and that all the other tires they produce will also last 70,000 kms. miles. In arriving at this conclusion, we may commit the following We may incorrectly say the tires do not last at least 70,000 kms when in fact they do last We may incorrectly say the tires do last at least 70,000 kms when in fact they do not Thus, we may commit some errors during the process of staking the claim to the hypothesis we have formulated. This aspect will be covered in next section Self Assessment Questions True or False Managers are required to make decisions Hypothesis is an assumption about something which is taken to be true We may commit some errors in the process of testing of hypothesis 6.3 Characteristics of Hypothesis Having understood the definition of hypothesis, let us now understand the characteristics of hypothesis. The following are the characteristics of hypothesis. A hypothesis is based on reasoning which appears to be justified This simply means that the hypothesis we have formulated should be based on the previous research and the hypothesis should follow the most likely outcome not the exceptional outcome. For example, we should form the hypothesis regarding the launching of new product on the basis of the previous data which was analysed and which prompted us to take further steps such as market research and the like A hypothesis should provide a reasonable explanation for the outcome which is to be predicted This means that the hypothesis formulated should not focus on the unrealistic outcome i.e. the hypothesis should be based on the realistic scenario. For example, an hypothesis such as our new software will surpass the sales of the software dealer who is leading the software market or that our software will sell very well on the surface of the moon. All these are unrealistic. A hypothesis should clearly state the relationship between the variables that are defined This simply means that the hypothesis should not be vague. It should be in plain simple terms and in a language which is simple to understand. For example, the hypothesis that the MIS report will be printed somewhat in 3 to 4 minutes is ambiguous and confusing. A hypothesis defines the variables measurable terms This means that the hypothesis focus on the aspects such as who all would be affected; who are the players in the process and the like. For example, hypothesis, that the product will work correctly for 2 months for small children. A hypothesis is testable in a given or sufficient amount of time This means that the hypothesis is tested within a finite amount of time. An hypothesis which cannot be tested within the finite amount of time will never be tested nor accepted Self Assessment Questions Fill in the blanks A hypothesis is _________ in a given period of ______________ Hypothesis defines __________ in measurable terms Hypothesis should define the ________ between the variables 6.4 Types of Hypothesis Having understood the basic terminology of hypothesis let us now discuss the types of hypothesis. Though we have just scratched the types of hypothesis, let us now go deeper into the detail of types of hypothesis. Hypothesis are of various types. Some of them are discussed below Null hypothesis Alternate hypothesis Simple Hypothesis Complex hypothesis Null Hypothesis This hypothesis is formulated when the statistician believes that there is no relationship between two variables or when there is insufficient information to formulate a state a research hypothesis. It is denoted by H0 Alternate hypothesis This hypothesis is the opposite of Null hypothesis. it is formulated then the researcher believes that there is sufficient information to believe that there is relationship between the variables. It is represented as H1 or H µ Simple hypothesis This hypothesis predicts the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. Both the variables must be single variables    Complex hypothesis This hypothesis is used to predict the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables Examples of different types of Hypothesis Health related education programmes influence the number of people who smoke Newspapers affects peoples living standard Absenteeism in classes affects exam scores Lower levels of exercise is responsible for increase in weight Self Assessment Questions True or False Complex hypothesis is used to predict the relationship between two or more independent variable with two or more dependent variables Alternate hypothesis is opposite to null hypothesis 6.5 Hypothesis Testing Having understood the various types of hypothesis let us dwell on the important point of hypothesis testing. As stated above hypothesis means that we verify the claim on the larger unit based on the data and the results obtained by performing statistical tests on the data. let us now look at the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis. the following are the steps : Describe in a statement about the population characteristic for which the hypotheses is to be tested State the null hypothesis and depict as Ho State the alternative hypothesis depict it as H1 or Ha Identify and display the test statistic that will be used Identify the region of rejection region Is it on the upper, lower, or on the two-tailed test Determine the critical value that will be associated as a, the level of significance at which the test is to be conducted Compute the quantities in the test statistic State the conclusion based on the computed statistics meaning that it is now to be decided as to whether reject the null hypothesis, Ho, or accept the alternate hypothesis. The conclusion is dependent on the level of significance of the test. Figure 1 provides a graphical view of the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis Figure 1 Steps involved in the testing of hypothesis 6.6 Difference between Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis In the previous units we have understood the basics of null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, let us now discuss the difference between these types of hypothesis. the following are the differences Null hypothesis is used to describe the prediction while alternative hypothesis describes other possible outcomes. For example, if we predict A is related to B which is null hypothesis while the alternative hypothesis will be A is not related to B meaning that A can be teacher of B, A can be mentor of B and so on The alternative hypothesis can be negative but it does not necessarily mean a negation of null hypothesis but rather that it is a measure of finding out whether the null hypothesis is true or not meaning that whether it should be accepted or it should be rejected Alternative hypothesis provides an opportunity to look at other things and other possibilities where as null hypothesis provides the presence or absence of the same meaning that when we deal with null hypothesis our focus becomes restricted while in the case of alternative hypothesis our focus needs to be wider 6.7 Decision Rule Decision rules are the procedures that enable us to determine whether the findings of the observed samples are in sharp contradiction i.e. there is significant difference from the results that were expected and which will thus help us to decide whether to accept or reject hypotheses are called rules of decision or simply decision rules. Let us take an example in order to illustrate what has been said with regard to decision rule. Suppose that we toss a coin 50 times and get head 42 times and if we had the null hypothesis that the coir is fair. Now in this scenario, there is sufficient reason to believe that the coin is biased based on the output obtained although we may be wrong in this manner. In the current scenario, the observations are saying something else in comparison to our hypothesis, hence, we are in a dilemma as to accept or reject the hypothesis. Procedures , which assist us in deciding whether to accept or reject the hypothesis when there is significant difference between the observed and the stated are know an Decision Rules. Type I and Type II errors It is in situations like the above, that we may commit errors or mistakes which are classified as Type I or Type II errors. Type I error is when we reject the hypothesis when it should have been accepted Type II error is when we accept a hypothesis when it should have been rejected From the above definitions, in both the cases a wrong decision has been made. Hence, it becomes imperative that we need to minimize the errors while making decisions. Level of Significance While testing the given hypothesis the maximum risk that we can take for Type I error is called the level of signi ¬Ã‚ cance of the test. This is denoted by Greek letter Alpha ÃŽÂ ±. It is decided before hand so that they do not influence the choice of our decisions. 6.8 Two tailed and one tailed tests In order to understand the concept of two tailed and one tailed tests, consider the following scenario. Let us have a null hypothesis H0  and an alternative hypothesis H1. We want to conduct the test and determine whether we should reject the null hypothesis in favour of alternative hypothesis. Thus, we have two different types of test which can be performed viz. One Tailed test and Two Tailed test One-tailed  test seeks to look for an increase or decrease in the parameter under consideration while two-tailed  test seeks to look for any change in the parameter We can carry out the test at any level 1%, 5% or 10% are the common levels. For example, when we perform the test at a 5% level it means that there is a 5% chance of wrongly rejecting H0 that is null hypothesis on the other hand If we perform the test at the 5% level and decide to reject the null hypothesis, we say that there is a significant evidence at 5% to suggest that the hypothesis is false. One-Tailed Test For the one tailed test we choose a critical region. In a one-tailed test, the critical region will have one part. If the sample value lies in this region, we will reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternative On the other hand , if we want to look for definite decrease. Then the critical region will be to the left. Example Suppose we are given that in a  Poisson distribution  and we want to test hypothesis on the mean,  based upon a sample of observation 3. Suppose the hypotheses are: H0:  l  = 9   H1:  l   We want to test if it is reasonable for the value observed to be 3 to have been derived from Poisson distribution with having a parameter value of 9. What is the probability that the value as low as 3 has come from a Poisson distribution have the value 9? P(X  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 3) = 0.0212 (this has been obtained from Poisson table) The probability is less than 0.05, which means that there is less than a 5% chance that the value has come from a Poisson(3) distribution. The null hypothesis should be rejected in favour of the alternative at the 5% level. Two-Tailed Test In a two-tailed test, we look for either an increase or a decrease. Hence, for example, H0  might be that the mean is equal to 9 (as before). This time, however, H1  would be that the mean is not equal to 9. So, In this case, therefore, the critical region has two parts: Example Lets test the parameter p of a  Binomial distribution  at the 10% level. Suppose a coin is tossed 10 times and we get 7 heads. We want to test whether or not the coin is fair. If the coin is fair, p = 0.5 . Put this as the null hypothesis: H0: p = 0.5 H1: p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0.5 Because this is a 2-tailed test, the critical region also has two parts. Half of the critical region is to in the right and other half is in the left. So the critical region contains both the top 5% of the distribution and the bottom 5% of the distribution (as we are testing at the 10% level). If H0  is true, X ~ Bin(10, 0.5). If the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability that X is 7 or above? P(X à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 7) = 1 P(X Is this in the critical region? No- because the probability that X is at least 7 is not less than 0.05 (5%), which is what we need it to be. So there is no significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis at 10% level of significance 6.9 Procedure of Hypothesis testing Having understood the basics of hypothesis, let us now dwell on the procedure which is to be followed in the testing of hypothesis. The following are the steps that are to be followed. State null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis State the level of significance. This gives us the tabulated values Select the appropriate test Calculate the required values for the test Conduct the test Draw the conclusions 6.10 Summary A hypothesis is necessary in todays business world as the managers are required to take decisions and they need to have a starting point Hypothesis is widely used in the conduct of market surveys The concept of sample and population is widely used in the testing of hypothesis Hypothesis is a unit of inferential statistics Hypothesis is based on reasoning which appears to be justified Null hypothesis is formed when there is n relationship between the variables Alternative hypothesis is the reverse of null hypothesis Decisions rules provide the basis for accepting the or rejecting the hypothesis Type I error is when we reject the hypothesis when it should have been accepted Type II error is when we accept the hypothesis when we should have rejected it 6.11 Terminal Questions What is the significance of hypothesis testing? What is meant by Type I and Type II errors? Explain with examples What is the difference between Null hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis? Explain the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis. 6.12 Answers Self Assessment Questions True False True Testable Time Variables Relationship True True 6.13 Suggested Reading Books Testing statistical hypothesis, Lehmann, Joseph Hypothesis testing with SPSS, Jim Mirabella Fundamentals of Statistics, Michael Sullivan Fundamentals of Statistics, S.C. Gupta Fundamentals of Statistics, Trueman Lee Kelly Introductory Probability And Statistical Applications, Meyer Fundamental of Statistics, Vol II, Goon, Gupta and Dagupta An Outline of Statistical Theory, Vol I, Goon, Gupta and Dagupta A Basic Course in Statistics, Clarke, Geoffrey and Cooke, John Wiley Sons Basic Statistics, Nagar Das Quantitative Techniques for Decision Making, Anand Sharma Statistics for economists: A beginning, John E. Floyd The Elements of Statistical Learning, Trevor Hastie, Jerome Friedman. Introduction to Statistical Thought, Michael Lavine Web Resources en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing www.slideshare.net/vikramlawand/test-of-hypothesis www.sagepub.com/upm-data/40007_Chapter8.pdf www.iasri.res.in/ebook//2/4-TEST%20OF%20HYPOTHESIS.pdf www.math.uah.edu/stat/hypothesis/index.html www.angelfire.com/wv/bwhomedir/notes/z_and_t_tests.pdf www.20bits.com/article/hypothesis-testing-the-basics www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v11n3/java/Hypothesis/ math.bu.edu/people/nkatenka/MA113/Lecture_10_Notes.pdf www.pstcc.edu/facstaff/jwlamb/Math1530/7.2rvsd.ppt 6.14 Glossary Aggregate  It is the collection of small units which results in one complete entity. For example the aggregation of the total inhabitants of towns and villages and mega cities results in the population of the country Alpha Level  The probability that the statistical test will find difference between the groups which is significant when there are none. This is also termed as the probability of making a Type I error or as the significance level of statistical test. Alternative Hypothesis  The hypothesis that states that there is some difference between two or more groups. It is the alternative to null hypothesis, which states that there is no difference among the groups. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)  A test that determines whether the means of two or more groups is significantly different. Association  It is a type of relationship between objects or variables. Average  A single value which may be mean, median or mode and represents the typical, normal, or the middle value of a given set of data. Axiom  A statement widely accepted as truth. Bell-Shaped Curve  A curve which is the characteristic of a normal distribution, which is symmetrical about the mean. The area under the normal curve is 1.0. Beta Level  It is the probability of making an error due to the result of the chance variations when in actuality they are due to the differences of the result of the experimental manipulation or intervention. It is also referred to as the probability of making a Type II error. Bias  They are the influences that contribute to the distortions of the results Categorical Data  They are also referred to as the nominal data. They are for indicative purpose only Causal Analysis  An analysis that seeks to establish the cause and effect relationships between variables. Central Tendency  A measure that describes the central characteristic of the distribution. Comparability  It is the quality of two or more entities that are to be evaluated for their similarity and differences. Confidence Interval  A range of estimated values that provides the best estimate regarding the populations values. Confidence Level  It is the percentage which represents the number of times that a confidence interval will include the true population value. Consistency  It is the process in which similar responses are demonstrated throughout the activity / event. Constant  It is the value which does not change Descriptive Statistics  It is the basic statistics that is used to describe and summarize data. Focus Group  An interview conducted with a small group of people, all at one time, to explore ideas on a particular topic. Multivariate Analysis  It is the analysis of several independent variable on the dependent variable. Mutually Exclusive  It is when the happening of an event does not disturb or alters the happening of another event. for example, in tossing of coin, the appearance of head is mutually exclusive to the appearance of tail as any one of them say head, does not allow the other to happen simultaneously. Nominal Scale  It is a scale that allows for classifying of elements into several mutually exclusive categories which are based on defined features but no numeric. They are just used for identification purposes. For example, the shirts worn by players in a football match. The number on the shirts represent the identification of the player only. Normal Curve  It is the curve, which is bell shaped in structure. It is formed when the data having normal distribution is plotted. Normal Distribution  It is the distribution that describes a frequency distribution comprising of data points which resembles a bell shape structure. The normal distribution shows important properties that are necessary for performing various statistical tests for different types of applications. Null Hypothesis  It is the hypothesis that states that there is no difference among and between the groups. It is in sharp contrast to alternative hypothesis that states that between two or more groups there is some difference Observation Unit  It is the actual unit which is subjected to observation during the course of study. 6.15 Case study Let us assume that a manufacturer of the light bulbs wants to produce bulbs with a mean life of 1000 hours If the lifetime is shorter, he/ she will lose customers to his / her competitors; if the lifetime is longer, he / she will have a very high production cost because the filaments will be excessively thick. In order to see whether the production process is working properly a sample of the output is taken to test the hypothesis A two tailed test is used because he / she does not want to deviate significantly from 1000 hours in either direction. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected.

Is Global Warming A Natural Phenomenon Environmental Sciences Essay

Is Global Warming A Natural Phenomenon Environmental Sciences Essay Is the temperature rising or is it just us? One of the most highly debated topics in todays society is global warming. Are we humans destroying the Earth we live on without knowing its devastating effects or is it the inevitable? Some say that the burden we put on the Earth is causing a rise in the greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide emissions. Others argue that global warming is naturally occurring or it truly does not exist. How can something not exist when all the evidence points to it? Recent studies have shown that an increase in carbon dioxide concentrations and other greenhouse gases caused by human activity is warming up the planet. Researchers and scientists have been studying the climate changes from the late 1950s up till today and no findings have pointed towards anything but humans causing this disaster. A way to define global warming is through the Greenhouse Effect. The process starts with the solar radiation to the Earths surface which absorbs the rays and heats up the surface. Since the Earth does not absorb all the radiation from the sun, it is simply reflected off its surface back into space. It is here where the problem occurs. When the rays reflect off the Earths surface they are not leaving the lower atmosphere due to greenhouse gases and other emissions. This causes the infrared rays to stay inside the Earths atmosphere and cause the temperature to rise. When an infrared ray strikes a molecule like carbon dioxide or a greenhouse gas it causes the bond to vibrate and it gains kinetic energy. Now that this molecule has more kinetic energy, it can transfer it to one of the two major gases in the atmosphere, oxygen and nitrogen. When the gases receive this extra energy it causes a general heating of the atmosphere. The diagram on the next page depicts how the process works. FIGURE 1: The Greenhouse Effect In the late 1950s, researchers carefully studied the amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. At that time, scientists agreed that the amount of carbon dioxide in parts per million was 315. Now today in 2008, that parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 385. What caused this increase of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases? Human activities such as fossil fuel burning, cement, production, and deforestation caused this increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. How do we know that these numbers are accurate? Scientists can measure the amount of greenhouse gases in from bubbles of air that were naturally preserved in ice in Antarctica and Greenland dating back to more than 650,000 years ago. The amount of carbon dioxide concentrations in the last 400,000 years had a cyclical pattern. The amounts would rise to just about 300 parts per million and decrease to about 200 parts per million in a 100,000 year time frame then rise a gain. Just recently the parts per million have skyrocketed. Today that number of parts per million is still increasing and is almost at 400. Why is it now that this number has increased rapidly? The population today of the entire world is booming to more than six billion people. In the United States the population is currently more than 300,000,000. No more than twenty years ago the population in 1990 was around 249,000,000. In that little of time the population grew more than 50,000,000. Now think of all the countries in the world. The population is putting the Earth at risk and this is why the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are increasing. Another argument that proves the global is heating up is evidence from the I.P.C.C. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Last year the I.P.C.C. published a six year long study on the science of global warming and picked up the Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts. (Monastersky) The I.P.C.C. has gathered information from nine different global using land stations. Each of these land stations cover large regions and record the surface temperature. Each land station from around 1950 has shown an increase of land temperature from 0Â °C to 0.4Â °C. Overall, in the last century the Earths surface temperature has increased by 1.3Â °F. (Schneider) Even though this is the tiniest increase it still effects how the Earth emits radiation. The hotter the temperature of the Earths surface gets the more it needs to emit the radiation. This causes a problem because the greenhouse gases and other molecules are reflecting the rays back to the Earth and are staying in the atmosphere, once again c ausing a rise in temperature. Figure 2: Global Temperature Time Series The figure above shows the Earths surface temperature in nine different locations Now that the evidence proves the Earths surface is heating up and the atmosphere is being ruined by carbon dioxide emissions, how can we prove that humans are doing this? In a recent study from Purdue University, they named the U.S.A.s top cities for carbon dioxide emissions. A few of the top cities were Los Angeles, Chicago, Pennsylvania Carbon County, and Indiana County. From the image below, the key shows that levels with red or brown areas are top producers of carbon dioxide emissions. What makes these areas red? Studies show that the reason is the burning of fossil fuels. Examples of fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. These three sources of energy play a huge role in the world because they are used everyday in excessive amounts. When fossil fuels are burned or used they produce carbon dioxide emissions. Figure 3: Top Carbon Dioxide Emitters in the United States The figure above shows areas in the United States that emit carbon dioxide. The areas that emit the most are shown in red or brown. The Earth can only absorb so much of these emissions that eventually it cannot anymore and it causes excessive amounts in the atmosphere. How do humans burn fossil fuels? Everyday activities like driving a car, using an aerosol can, working at a factory, and working at power plants. Each of these burn fossil fuels and destroys the atmosphere. Think of how many cars are on the road right now driving and burning gas. The amount of the carbon emissions coming form vehicles is overwhelming and is causing this change in climate. Finally, car manufacturers are realizing that this is becoming a huge epidemic and they are now producing hybrid vehicles and more gas efficient vehicles. Factories and power plants produce a ridiculous amount of pollution each day that is doing irreversible damage to the Earth. An argument against global warming is that it is naturally occurring. This is a possibility because no expert or researcher has completely understood the Earths cycle of ice ages and warm periods. There is a slight possibly that this could be just one of the Earths warm periods. Evidence proves otherwise. According to researchers it is nearly impossible to explain this climate change without external force. This means that something other than a natural cause is a factor in the climate change. Another counterargument against global warming is that the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are from the ocean. When researchers studied the oceans, they saw that levels of the carbon dioxide in the ocean were high like the amount in the atmosphere. If the ocean was emitting carbon dioxide then the levels in the ocean would be lower. With all the evidence, it is clear that humans are contributing to global warming. This has only become a problem now because our economy is going as well as our population. Fifty years ago, the economy was not even close to being as advanced and big as it is today. Our population is still growing and we are only taking baby steps to fix this problem. If harsh action does not take place soon we will destroy the Earth forever. The warming of the oceans and atmosphere could trigger irreversible environmental changes in coming decades. (Monastersky)

Depression in Teenagers Essay -- Mental Illnesses Psychology Essays

Depression in Teenagers Depression is the most common mental illness in the country today. Teenagers are easy prey for this disease. They are at a point in their lives when they must face important transitions and peer pressures. They are trying to understand themselves and where they fit in society, all of which can lead to behavioral and emotional changes. This is also a period when children and parents suffer from poor communication: teenagers often keep their true feelings and concerns from their parents and other authority figures. Therefore, recognizing depression in teenagers can be difficult for adults. However, it is crucial that adolescents with depression get help. For this reason, I would like to find out how parents can tell if their children are depressed. I have personal experience with this topic, as well. I hid my feelings and remained in denial of my problems for many years, until my mother finally confronted me about what she had observed. Understanding the signs of depression in children can save their lives. I began my search by looking at the WebMD website. This site provides information on a wide variety of health issues. I looked up depression and found a link to adolescent depression. The site offered an overview of the disease, possible causes, symptoms, and treatments. I concentrated on the symptoms section. The WebMD site also provided other websites to try for related information. I chose the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry site for my next resource. Here I was also able to find a list of possible symptoms of depression and signs of suicidal tendencies in adolescents. Next, I went to the Penn State LIAS databases and looked for articles o... ...ce at getting the help they need to overcome this disorder. Works Cited Battle, Judy Shepps. â€Å"Current Trends in Treating Adolescent Depression.† 2002. About Teen Depression. 25 March 2004 depression.com/trends-treatment.html>. â€Å"Being Prepared.† September 1999. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 15 March 2004 factsfam/whenhelp.htm>. Brody, Jane E. â€Å"Teenage Depression Often Evades Diagnosis.† Houston Chronicle. 29 December 2002: 3. â€Å"Depression in Childhood and Adolescence.† 22 April 2003. WebMD Inc. 15 March 2004 . Frank, Gail. Personal interview. 17 March 2004. â€Å"Teen Suicide.† November 1999. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 15 March 2004 factsfam/suicide.htm>.

Out Board Propeller Dynamics :: physics boat propeller

Missing Figures In The fall of 2004 I purchased a boat and outboard. The company that built the boat also had the responsibility of mounting the out board. Unfortunately the company built the transom of the boat to high and this had a major effect on the boats performance. With the prop so close to the water’s surface the out board would ventilate ever time I tried to get the boat up on step. It would also ventilate on tight turns at high speeds. Unless I wanted to ship the boat back down to Seattle for modifications I would have to find a propeller that would operate effectively near the surface. The follow is some of the things I learned while solving this problem. As the propeller rotates (fig 3-1) it forces water down and back as this is happening water must move into the void created by the spiraling blades. This creates a pressure differential across the blade- Low pressure on the back side and high pressure on the front side. This causes water to be sucked into the propeller and accelerated out the back (fig 3-3) much like a house-hold fan (fig 3-2). This action creates the thrust that drives a boat. It is common knowledge that water boils at 100deg C (212deg F) at sea-level atmospheric pressures. Water will also boil at much lower temperatures if the pressure is reduced. This is the key to understanding cavitation. As an object move though the water at increasing speeds the fluid on the side and back of the object experiences a decrease in pressure. On a propeller this area of low pressure is on the back side of the leading edge.(see fig 3-1) Pluse- If this decrease in pressure is great enough it can cause the sea-water to boil (Vaporize). Once these bubbles of vaporized water travel down current to the front of the propeller they enter the high pressure side of the blade and are condensed back into liquid very rapidly. These small implosions of water vapor can cause cavitation burns on theblade and lower unit of the outboard. (see fig 4-21) 4-21 From a functional stand point these bubbles can compromise the outboards performance. As the water vapor travels from the back to the face of the blades they can decrease the water load on the prop (water contact surface with the propeller blades).

Necrophilia in A Rose for Emily Essay example -- A Rose For Emily, Will

William Faulkner's short story, "A Rose for Emily" is often held as a literary classic due to Faulkner?s ability to play with our mind and emotions almost to the point of frustration. However, there is much more than mind games that Faulkner plays that makes this story great. Emily Grierson, the main character, is a strong-willed stubborn old bitty, who was quite odd, this alone is a reason for greatness. To fully understand why Emily is the way that she is one must look past the obvious and truly look at Emily. Emily Grierson has a mental condition that is just itching to be discovered. Miss Emily was part of the highly revered Grierson family, the aristocrats of the town. They held themselves to a higher standard, and nothing or nobody was ever good enough for them. Faulkner fist gives us the clue of Emily's mental condition when he refers to Emily's great-aunt, Lady Wyatt. Faulkner tells us that Lady Wyatt had "gone completely crazy" (Faulkner 93). Due to the higher standards they had set for themselves, they believed that they were too high for that and then distanced themselv...

Independent Reading Reflection

Over the summer I read five books for a total of 1308 pages. I read three fiction novels and two realistic fiction novels. For me one of my favorite books was the Dear John by Nicholas Sparks, which I had been wanting to read and finally got around to it. Right from the start of the book, you could tell it would be a summer love story, but what I didn’t realize was how much you could feel just by how Nicholas Sparks described their feelings. As John went off to Germany for war, I could feel Savannah’s sadness and fear as she thought this could be the last time she could see him alive. Not to mention how hurt John was to come home to find Savannah happily married and moved on with a new life. Overall, I loved how descriptive Dear John was and how you could feel like you were falling in love, just like them. Even though his books are usually stereotypical, The Choice also by Nicholas Sparks was a great book I read this summer. Instead of summer romance, this time it was forbidden love. When neighbors Travis and Gabby start off with a heated argument, Gabby soon finds herself with a strange attraction to the fun-loving, wild Travis. One problem, she has a boyfriend, Kevin, whom she now has to choose between him and Travis as her love for him grows more and more. I loved this book because like Dear John, it had a love story but instead, it started out with hatred and disapproval of each other but slowly grew to their love. Also in The Choice, Nicholas Sparks used great description of feelings and sights. For example, parasailing high above the sound he described exactly what they saw and felt and I felt like I were right there with them a hundred feet above the water too. I can’t leave out that first night they met; Gabby was fuming at Travis when she thought his dog got her perfect, purebred collie pregnant. Not to mention the night Travis first kissed her and she suddenly thought what life could be like with Travis, instead of Kevin. I chose Dear John and The Choice as my favorite books from this summer because they both had great description and plot lines, even if you could somewhat predict the ending . I love when I can picture everything that is going on in a book and remember almost every detail, and these both did that for me.

Philosophy Exam

PH220 — Ethics and Values Morgan State University Dr. John Hersey Midterm Exam Directions: Your exams must be submitted through SafeAssign on Blackboard. Late submissions will be penalized 10 points (one full letter grade) and I will not accept submissions after one week past the due date, which will result in a 0 for the assignment. Plagiarism merits automatic failure for the course. Put your name, PHIL 220 with section number, Dr. Hersey, semester and year, Midterm Examination on the top left of the first page. Clearly identify section headings, item numbers, and descriptions.Remember the rubric for evaluation of written work from the syllabus. Any references to the text should be indicated simply by the page number in parentheses. Section 1: Explanations Write a 4-5 sentence explanation for 5 of the following. (20 points) The key is to be as thorough, concise, and essential as possible in the short space allotted. Full credit will be given for explanations that not only ide ntify the concept, but also indicate its context and moral significance. 1. Psychological egoism (Ch. 2) 2. Universal ethical egoism (Ch. 2) 3. Greatest happiness principle (Ch. 2) 4.Cost-benefit analysis (Ch. 2) 5. Care ethics (Ch. 2) 6. Intuitionism (Ch. 3) 7. Divine Command Theory (Ch. 3) 8. Good will (Kant, Ch. 3) 9. Practical imperative (Kant, Ch. 3) 10. Prima facie duties (Ross, Ch. 3) 11. Virtue ethics (Ch. 4) 12. Happiness (Aristotle, Ch. 4) 13. Habit (Aristotle, Ch. 4) 14. Virtue as a mean (Aristotle, Ch. 4) 15. Excellence, de (Confucius, Ch. 4) 16. Mengzi on human nature (Confucius, Ch. 4) 17. Moral absolutism (Ch. 5 and Rachels essay) 18. Cultural relativism (Ch. 5 and Rachels essay) 19. Fatalism (Ch. 6) 20. Hard determinism (Ch. 6) 21. Soft determinism (Ch. 6) 22.The Value of Life Principle (Ch. 8) 23. The Principle of Individual Freedom (Ch. 8) Section 2: Essays Write a response in answer to two of the essay questions below. (40 points each) Though quality of considerat ion takes precedence over quantity of pages, 2–3 double-spaced pages for each essay seems to be a good guideline for length. 1. In Ursula K. Le Guin’s short story â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas,† Omelas is a utopian city of happiness and delight whose inhabitants are intelligent and cultured. Everything about the city is pleasing except for the secret underlying Omelas’s happiness.Omelas’s good fortune requires that a single child is imprisoned and kept in filth, darkness, and misery. Upon coming of age all of the citizens of Omelas are informed of the city’s dark secret. After learning this secret most citizens remain in the city but some walk away. Many take this short story to be a sharp critique of utilitarian moral philosophy. Evaluate this critique by (1) identifying the objection implied in the story, (2) developing a careful and complete interpretation of the relevant aspects of Mill’s philosophy upon which you might base your evaluation, and (3) arguing for the success or failure of this objection.You may find a copy of the short story on Blackboard. 2. Consider the following scenario. After colliding with an iceberg at sea the luxury liner RMS. Gigantic sinks in the North Atlantic. Four survivors—two adult males, one adult female, all with families safe at home, and a 10-year old boy, who is weak from injuries suffered during the sinking and whose entire family has already perished in the disaster—are adrift on a lifeboat with barely one week’s provisions for all of them.On the seventeenth day adrift, with the survivors desperate for food, someone suggests that since the boy will most likely die anyway and doesn’t have a family to take care of that the three adults should kill him and use his body for nourishment until they are rescued. In a detailed and thoughtful essay, write an answer to the question â€Å"Is it permissible to kill the boy? † from the per spectives of Immanuel Kant (Duty Ethics) and John Stuart Mill (Utilitarianism). Your essay should include a careful and comprehensive consideration of the relevant aspects of their moral theories for addressing the question.Finally, give your own personal moral evaluation of the question and the supporting reasons for your view. 3. Consider the following scenario. Three MSU students, Joy, Faith, and Hope, work at a soup kitchen every Saturday helping the homeless. Joy devotes every Saturday helping the homeless because she loves and enjoys doing it. While there is certainly some personal sacrifice in doing so, she cares so deeply for others and sympathizes with the homeless people’s plight so much that she willingly and consistently serves. Faith also helps every Saturday, but very rarely enjoys it.Some Saturdays she goes begrudgingly and others she must force herself to go. But she does go consistently because she recognizes that there is a universal demand to do good to oth ers that can’t be ignored. Hope is on the fast track to a career in politics and will be running for public office immediately after graduation. She also helps out every Saturday, but works hard only when the local news organizations come around for interviews. In a careful and comprehensive essay analyze each of these person’s actions from the perspective of Kant’s moral philosophy.Which of these person’s actions has moral worth for Kant? Why? Why do some not have moral worth? Are there any problems with such estimation? Do you agree or disagree with Kant’s evaluation of their actions? Explain in detail why or why not and justify your view? 4. Consider the following passage from Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment: â€Å"Look here; on one side we have a stupid, senseless, worthless, spiteful, ailing, horrid old woman, not simply useless, but doing actual mischief, who has not an idea what she is living for herself, and who will die in a day or two in any case. . . On the other side, fresh young lives thrown away for want of help, and by thousands, on every side! A hundred thousand good deeds could be done and helped, on that old woman’s money which will be buried in a monastery! Hundreds, thousands perhaps, might be set on the right path; dozens of families saved from destitution, from ruin, from vice, from the Lock hospitals—and all with her money. Kill her, take the money and with the help of it devote oneself to the service of humanity and the good of all.What do you think, would not one tiny crime be wiped out by thousands of good deeds? For one life thousands would be saved from corruption and decay. One death, and a hundred lives in exchange—it’s simple arithmetic! † (Part I, Chapter 6). Explain the argument given in this passage. Is it a good act utilitarian argument (assuming the facts to be roughly as stated)? How would a rule utilitarian and a Kantian criticize this way of a ct utilitarian reasoning? Which of these two kinds of criticism (if any) do you find more convincing? Explain your reasoning in detail. 5.To what extent do you believe that Jews, Christians, and Muslims use the Divine Command Theory approach rather than egoism or act or rule utilitarianism as a basis for their ethical systems? That is, do you believe that most Jews, Christians, and Muslims follow their religion’s moral rules because they believe that those rules were established by a supernatural being or for other reasons, for example for the promise of reward in the afterlife, out of fear of punishment, for salvation, etc.? Explain your answer in detail. 6. Moral rules can be very useful for governing our lives and guiding our actions.However, problems can arise in the application of such rules to unusual situations. In such cases adherence to rules can result in actions being performed that would be considered immoral. How does Aristotelian Virtue Ethics, with its emphasis on the development of a virtuous character, address the problem of moral rules? Be detailed and very specific in your consideration. To what extent do you think the problem of moral rules plays a role in modern morality? 7. Write a dialogue between two people who advocate different positions on the issue of moral absolutism and moral relativism.Be thorough, thoughtful, and reflective. Style, humor, creativity, and cleverness in your examples are all welcomed, but make sure that the dialogue makes clear that you understand the key concepts concerning relativism and absolutism. 8. Write a dialogue between two people who advocate different positions on the issue of freedom. Be thorough, thoughtful, and reflective. Style, humor, creativity, and cleverness in your examples are all welcomed, but make sure that the dialogue makes clear that you understand the key concepts concerning freedom and determinism. . Do you think that suicide is morally justified? Drawing on some of the ethical t heories from our text, explain why you believe that it is or is not justified. If you believe that it is sometimes justified, then identify and explain the conditions that make it justified. 10. Do you think that capital punishment is morally justified? Drawing on some of the ethical theories from our text, explain why you believe that it is or is not justified. If you believe that it is sometimes justified, then identify and explain the conditions that make it justified.

Fools Crow

The tribal status of White Man’s Dog, as it were in the beginning of Fools Crow, was certainly not as he desired it to be. Due to the position of wealth his father had risen to, it seems the tribe expected much from him. Welch does not go into great detail concerning the views of the tribes people on White Man’s Dog, but Yellow Kidney describes him on page 7 as having â€Å"much heart but (being) unlucky†[1]. It is true, being eight-teen without a wife and having only three horses, none of which being block horn runners; White Man’s Dog does in fact appear unlucky. However, Yellow Kidney plays a major role in the reversal of this luck. White Man’s Dog has a complete turn in tribal status, earning a wife and horses as well as a new identity with in the tribe. Dreams are a constant theme in Fools Crow. Many different characters have dreams, and each responds differently to them. During the journey to the Crow Raid, White Man’s Dog has a dream about naked women desiring him, but fears danger if he goes. He wants to inform Yellow Kidney of this dream put hesitates due to advice he had received from his father. In the end this was a costly decision, as the dream comes to fruition during the raid, not White Man’s Dog, but for Yellow Kidney. Turns-out the alarm for risk was valid, as Yellow Kidney gets very sick from his encounter with the Crow Women. When news of White Mans Dog feels responsible[2] for this outcome. During this same raid, Fast Horse also has a dream. Fast Horse is prideful and boasts of his dream, which turned out to not come true. Fast Horse was greatly humiliated by this and seemed to have his future driven by it. The most consequential dream was had by Mik-api. In this dream, Mik-api spoke to Raven about Wolverine who was trapped, and needed White Man’s Dog to help him. This dream did in fact come to realization and resulted in White Man’s Dog gaining confidence and his ‘medicine’. As a result of White Man’s Dog realizing his new inner strength, he was able to take part in war against the Crows. This battle would prove life changing for White Man’s Dog as it would be where he earned his new name; Fools Crow. His great modesty made acceptance of his new name very difficult. The meaning behind it had been stretched greatly out of its real context. During battle, White Man’s Dog played dead, fooling the Crow Chief, Bull Shield. Because Bull Shield assumed White Man’s Dog was indeed dead, it was possible for him to spring up and kill the chief. This account was, as I said, greatly inflated and reported that, with use of medicine, White Man’s Dog was able to fool all the crows, thus earning his new name Fools Crow. As I have read through all the tales and recounts contained in the many great pieces of Native American Literature, one theme has stood out to me more than anything else. Maybe it is due to my admiration for nature, but it seems all tribes made great attempts to both explain natural events and create an association of these events with human life. Welch clearly depicts the Blackfoot people as being of this same mind frame. The names and life given to the wind, the sun and various animals’ reports on their own view of the world they live in. The relationship a male Blackfoot has with â€Å"his animal† shows this relationship between humans and nature. This disposition, of a human and nature link, shows the worldview of this tribe clearly as an all-encompassing outlook. They undoubtedly see the world as one big union, everything being linked to one another. The walk I took with White Man’s Dog, growing and changing into Fools Crow was an intense one to say the least. James Welch has the uncanny ability to connect reader to character and I feel as if Fools Crow and I have a bond, as if he and his story have been made alive with in the many nights I’ve spent with him.

Occupational Health and Safety Act

†¢ The Occupational Health and Safety Act provides us with the framework and the tools to achieve this goal.†¢ Changes to the Act in 1990 and subsequent years continued the evolution of occupational health and safety legislation in Ontario. These improvements are based on our experiences.†¢ Occupational injuries and illnesses have been present throughout history: – Ancient Egypt: stonemasons with respiratory problems– Industrial Revolution: introduction of new materials/ processes (asbestos, oils)†¢ OHS first evident in late 1800’s in Ontario with the passage of legislation establishing safety standards .By the 1900’s every province had laws that regulated heating , lighting, ventilation, hygiene, fire safety, and accident reporting†¢ 1974 was the start of the OHS system that we see today. The Royal Commission on the Health and Safety of Workers in Mines was formed by the Ontario government.†¢ This commission was the first to articulate the 3 principle rights of workers. These 3 rights still enshrine out current legislation and provides the basis for the OHS programming in Canada.1. The right to refuse dangerous work without a penalty2. The right to participate in identifying and correcting health and safety problems3. The right to know about hazards in the workplace Current OHSA. The Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) was created to ensure a safe working environment†¢ Encompasses several regulations to cover various industries, working environments, and hazards†¢ Allows for quantifiable guidelines on exposure to hazards †¢ Used in combination with other Acts and Codes to maintain every worker’s basic right: to leave work in the same state they entered Tragedies that changed the Safety Movement. †¢ Elliot Lake Minor Strike – 1974 – Workers on Strike to protest deplorable health and safety conditions. Catalyst for the health and safety act. †¢ Westray Mine Disaster 1992 – was the result of actions, omissions, mistakes, incompetence and neglect. Methane gas ignited killing 26 miners. Took several years (2003) amendment to the criminal code now hold corporations and their senior officers accountable for criminal negligence in the workplace. Internal Responsibility System (IRS). The internal responsibility system is the underlying philosophy of the occupational health and safety legislation in all Canadian Jurisdictions. Its foundation is that everyone in the workplace –both employees and employers –are responsible for his or her own safety and for the safety of co-workers Work and Workplace Not Covered. †¢ Work done by the owner or occupant, or a servant, in a private residence †¢ Farming operation†¢ Workplaces under the federal government– Post offices– Airlines and airports– Banks– Some grain elevators– Telecommunication companies– Trucking, shipping, and railway– Federal workers are covered under a different law: The Canada Labor Code The Rights of Workers. †¢ The Right to Participate: Workers have the right to part of the process of indentifying and resolving workplace health and safety†¢ The Right to Know: Right to know about any potential hazards to which they may be exposed. This is done through WHMIS†¢ The Right to Refuse Work: Right to refuse dangerous work. Duties of Employers. †¢ The Act imposes duties on those who have any degree of control over the workplace, the materials, and equipment in the workplace and direction of the workforce.†¢ There is a general duty on employers to take all reasonable precautions to protect the health and safety of workers. 12Duties of Supervisor. †¢ Supervisor shall ensure that the workers works in the manner and with the protective devices, measures and procedures required by this Act and the regulations; and†¢ The worker uses or wears the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker’s employer requires to be used or worn. Duties of Supervisor. †¢ Advise a worker of the existence of any potential or actual danger to the health or safety of the worker of which the supervisor is aware;†¢ Provide a worker with written instructions as to the measures and procedures to be taken for protection of the worker; and†¢ Take every precaution reasonable in the circumstances for the protection of a worker. †¢ Work in compliance with the provisions of this Act and the regulations;†¢ Use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker’s employer requires to be used or worn;†¢ Report to his or her employer or supervisor the absence of or defect in any equipment or protective device of which the worker is aware and which may endanger himself, herself or another worker; and†¢ Report to his or her employer or supervisor any contravention of this Act or the regulations or the existence of any hazard of which he or she knows. TO AVOID:†¢ Using or operating any equipment, machine, device or thing or work in a manner that may endanger himself, herself or any other worker; or†¢ Engaging in any prank, contest, feat of strength, unnecessary running, or rough conduct. 16Joint Health and Safety Committees. †¢ A joint health and safety committee is required:†¢ At a workplace at which twenty or more workers are regularly employed;†¢ At a workplace with respect to which an order to an employer is in effect under section 33; or†¢ At a workplace, other than a construction project where fewer than twenty workers are regularly employed, with respect to which a regulation concerning designated substances applies. Duties of the Committee. †¢ Identify situations that may be a source of danger or hazard to workers.†¢ Make recommendations to the employer and the workers for the improvement of the health and safety of workers.†¢ Recommend to the employer and the workers the establishment, maintenance and monitoring of programs, measures and procedures respecting the health or safety of workers.18Composition of the committee†¢ A committee shall consist of:– At least two persons, for a workplace where fewer than fifty workers are regularly employed.– At least four persons, for a workplace where fifty or more workers are regularly employed.