Partner Selection in Joint Ventures Essay

Achieving constant job issue, in terms of size of it, sales, technology, skills, profits, and a host of sepa roam factors is the undeniable primary priority of most stage business corporations in todays intensely combative business scenario. Spurred by constantly changing technological, economic, and political conditions, most business managements continue to side towards achieving constant all round growth, not just to obtain competitive advantage and to satisfy their stakeholders, merely also to fuel market prices of companionship sh ars, business valuations and the concomitant increases in performance bonuses and management remuneration (Beamish, 1988).Businesses shake up traditionally grown through strategies of internal growth and acquisition, acquisitions often enlarging the size of businesses manifold, much more in fact than organic internal growth could ever take a shit done (Beamish, 1988). The recent acquisition of Arcelor by the Mittals of capital of the United Kingdom is illustrative of how an acquisition can propel a company to the knife edge of an industry in terms of size, sales, geographic spread, and profits.Capital acquisition, though doubtlessly the most effective vehicle for achieving strategic growth requires significant resources and is alas not a very viable option for most companies, particularly those which are young, dynamic, ambitious, and look towards achieving fast growth through enlargement of geographic spread, entry into new territories, accessing of new and more sophisticated technology, and enhancement of harvest-festival portfolio (Gannon, 1993).Swallowing smaller businesses not being very possible for such organizations, their path for growth leads them towards forging alliances with other business firms through diverse arrangements, be they strategic alliances, representations, franchises or spliff ventures (Gannon, 1993). Joint ventures (JVs) allow two business firms, irrespective of their legal status, (p rivate/public stock corporations or partnerships) to come together through a legal entity in which both companies contribute fair-mindedness and share in the control and profits of the venture.Very obviously joint ventures have many advantages (Geringer and Hebert, 1989). They enable and empower companies to increase and improve their operations by using their strengths, spreading costs as well as risks, enhancing financial access and strength, achieving economies of scale, and accessing technologies and markets (Geringer and Hebert, 1989).The JV process opens up companies to new thoughts, helps in increasing competitive advantages and enables them to achieve their strategic goals through the creation of synergies with other organizations, acquisition of technologies and skills and diversification of activity (Geringer and Hebert, 1989). With such a range of advantages to be gained from the activity the setting up of joint ventures has come to form an constitutive(a) part of the corporate strategy of most leaveive and ambitious companies. translation of ProblemWhilst joint ventures have become an accepted, popular and much employ mechanism for the attainment of a twist of strategic objectives of different companies, their rate of success ironically continues to be low (Harrigan, 1988). Some management experts, who have in the past attributed this low success rate to basic incompatibilities in the midst of different cultures and attitudes towards business, are at a loss to explain why the failure rate of such activity continues to be high crimson for ventures between companies that belong to the same country (Harrigan, 1988).To take the issue a step further there have also been occasions of JVs helplessness between two companies, not just of the same country but also of the same group (Harrigan, 1988). Although many such ventures do progress to doing business and making profits, their overall achievements tend to be less than what was in the beginnin g envisaged, such mediocre results often leading to loss of partner interest, the delegation of the venture to that of a less important activity and subsequently to the attempt for buyers for the business (Beamish, 1988).International joint ventures of course fare even worse, a fact that has led many experts to wonder whether the establishment of joint ventures are strategically sound decisions or fall into the category of basically unassured business decisions whose success depends on the playing out of a number of unpredictable factors (Beamish, 1988). One of the major reasons leading to failures or their less than apt performances of joint ventures, management experts believe, lies with the coming together of wrong people, or to adorn it in the perspective of one of the partners, the wrong selection of a JV partner (Geringer, 1988). Research ObjectiveThis research paper aims to investigate the divers(a) issues that are considered during the selection of JV partners, particul arly the strategic reasons that are compound in the formation of worldwide joint ventures, the areas of difficulty and the potential points of troth that could occur between partners during the course of the JV, and the different issues that need to be considered at the time of selection of partner and the sealing of the JV. Methodology and Structure The methodology for researching this paper follows from the framing of the research objective and deals with the most take into account actor of accessing relevant data.Such methodology involves choosing between adoption of quantitative or qualitative research methods and deciding whether to obtain data from primary and/or secondary sources. Quantitative methods, being best suited for research cover that require data to be obtained from many respondents, are not appropriate in the present context. Considering the complexity of the issue being investigated, the subjective temperament of discipline to be analysed, and the interpr etation required, as also the need to execute how and why questions, the paper calls for the adoption of qualitative methods.The methodology entails collection of information from secondary and primary sources through the get of available literary productions on the subject, the bibliography at the end of the paper listing the various publications studied for the purpose. Whilst the study would have been qualitatively enhanced by direct 121 interviews with managers with experience of international joint ventures, such interviews are difficult to arrange at this flash because of the economic crisis and the tremendous disturbance in the corporate world. The paper so depends exclusively upon a study of the relevant literature for arriving at the findings. tuition available on JVs, although extensive and qualitatively rich, is fragmented, and information has had to be obtained from various sources. Whilst the paper is limited by lack of information from individuals with direct sta rting hand experience of joint ventures, efforts have been taken to consult a variety of information sources from different authors and institutions for purposes of cross validation and verification. The review of literature is taken up in the following section, which in turn is followed by an analysis of the findings, conclusions, and suggestions.

Four Key Attributes of Strategic Management

Strategic Management must firstly be directed towards a companions goals and objectives. Typically the family impart be organized with a mission and batch developed, stating a advise and direction of the all overall scheme. The goals and objectives set by the managers coiffure as stepping stones to maintain that vision. These goals need to be transparent throughout the organization to allow the key players to achieve buy-in as the team moves towards accomplishing these goals.Secondly, the strategic perplexity of an organization must intromit multiple stakeholders in finality making . Typically stake holders thrust demands on different areas of the organization. Managers must realise the consequences of how certain decision will affect each stakeholder group. Stakeholders will include the owners, shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, and the community . Decisions that may benefit the owners such as taking short(p) cuts in safety may have drastic effects on the employees or a local communitys environment.Decisions to cut cost in quality control and employee training may benefit the foot line of a come with for a short time, but finally will lead to a lighter product being produced and a insufficiency of consumer confidence or higher warranty claims of the end user. Third, strategic centering requires incorporating both short- boundary and long-term purviews. Managers must maintain a vision for the future as well as focus on the pass needs.Managers can be put in a position to be short sited to reach production numbers or sales goals by making decisions that dont coincide with those long term goals of growth. Salesmen with quotas may always look for the quick sale without respect for building a long term relationship with the customer. This can cause long term reputation issues and cause a family to develop a finish of poor service and trust. Strategic managers must fourthly recognize the tradeoff between effectiveness and efficien cy. This is described as doing the right thing or doing things right.Managers must adjudge decisions that guide the organization towards its overarching goals and perform actions which relieve oneself cost savings, best practices, and build a culture of a positive corporation. Sometimes doing the right thing may cost the order more money to stay on focus of the mission. Companies may make organizational decisions that inhibit the success of the organization. In a recent intelligence story, a ships company in West Virginia made a decision not to tale a chemical spill from its holding tanks into the wapiti River .This spill has now contaminated the drinking water supply of over 300,000 residents and sent some of them to the hospital. Freedom Industries made the decision not to report the spill until after the state Department of Environmental Protection had already traced it to one of their leaking tanks. Through this act of neglect and failure to report the leak, the company n ow creates a reputation of untrustworthiness and may face intelligent action which will significantly affect the stakeholders (both stockholders and local community).A local company in my business area has been known as a poor company to work for and has a reputation of a sour culture. This company has had safety issues and difficult times finding quality employees. The company deals in supplies to major automakers and has recently seen great growth due to the surge in automotive sales over the last several years. Now the company has a need for expansion of its building and added equipment to produce the needed loudness of parts to match the growth.Because they have had a short term perspective of the economy due to the downturn in 2008, the management has made decisions to correct the employees lower wages and fail to train them adequately which eventidetually have led to a 40% turnover rate. The company has recently worn-out(a) millions of dollars on the expansion and cant fi nd employees that are involuntary to work for them due to the reputation they have. Poor cultures within a company can have long term effect on its repeated growth and take many years to turn around even with the best strategic managers.

Is the War on Terrorism a War Essay

The Global War on Terrorism is a military campaign that began shortly after the baneist attacks of September 11th 2001. first engagementd by George W. Bush, the phrase cont land up on terror has conk out to be innovationualized as a landmark used to signify orbicular military, policy-making, lawful, and conceptual struggle targeting both organizations designated as terrorists and regimes accused of supporting them. The strugglef ar on terror main focus has been with Islamist militants and Al-Qaeda.The state of fightf ar in Afghanistan and Iraq be both considered to be part of the fightfare on terrorist encounter. thither is untold speculation on whether the state of war on terror is exertionu whollyy a war. This essay will argue that both points of view are valid. There are reasons which validate the war on act of terrorist act as creation considered an factual war much(prenominal) as the fact that an actual decelaration of war was waged by both the US and Al-Qaeda, it gutter be considered a crude way of war, and that eventual(prenominal)ly like war, terrorism is a mean to a political end.On the other side of the spectrum, it may non be considered a war because it does non stupefy a top out end or possible victory, it does not have a confined involution space as regular wars, and it is a war against an so-so(p) concept such as the wars on poverty, drugs, and crime. There is an extensive amount of literature on the subject of terrorism and especially the war on terror. Mia eyeshade in Dying to Kill The Allure of Suicide Terror examines the use strategies, successes, and failures of suicide bombing in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.She claims that in many instances the sudor of Israel, Russia, and the United States have failed to deter terrorism and suicide bombings. Bloom excessively contemplates how terrorist groups learn from sensation another, and thus how they react and retaliate to counterterror manoeuvreal ma neuver the finance of terrorism, and the role of suicide attacks against the backdrop of givingr ethnic and political conflicts. some other current scholar writing on terrorism is Mark Juergensmeyer. Juergensmeyer stu collapses phantasmal terrorism more specifically. Bruce Hoffman gives a brilliant insight to terrorism and all its aspects.Hoffman describes its historical evolution and the mindset of the terrorist. He examines this invisible opponent and his tactics and motivation in a globalized world. Hoffman argues that the 9/11 attacks on the duplicate Towers radically altered the USAs and the Wests view on terrorism. When attempting to resolve the above interrogation it is important to clarify and qualify the terms. Terrorism has a vast number of commentarys and varies greatly depending on who is attacking to define it and from what positioning it is organism defined and at which scope.For example one definition of terrorism is the FBIs definition of it as the unlawf ul use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian earth, or any segment thereof, in further political or social objectives. Another definition is from the Department of Defense which states it to be as the calculated use of unlawful violence or terror of unlawful violence to inculcate fear intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological objectives.A final example of one of the many definitions of terrorism is that of the Department of homeland Security which states it as any activity that involves an act that is dangerous to human life or potentially destructive of critic infrastructure or key resources andmust also appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by fold destruction, assass ination, or kidnapping. These definitions vary quite greatly from one to another.Any definition of terrorism suits a particular agency and how they look at the act of violence, whereas very few look at the causes for it and what its essence is. Notice the selected style for each definition will suit the type of agencys profile. The problem with defining terrorism is one that it is a subjective thing, and dickens that the parties trying to define it try to include everything and nothing in it. They try to put and various different events that happened and situations as well to help define it so as to make sure that terrorism encompasses a large number of things.For example the discotheque bombing of Bali. It seems that the definitions need to include anything that attacks the west. With regards to the war on terror, is it the war on terror or terrorism? Is there really a war on terrorism and if so jibe to whom? The USA? Al-Qaeda? And in which theatres and locations are we talking about? The war on terror might be a war on terror in Afghanistan but not in other jells. similarly the title of the question is quite ambiguous because is terrorism is an act of war, or is war is an act of terrorism? Each one washbowl be unfolded onto the other easily.It is also important to consider who is included in the war on terror, is it all terrorists groups including terrorist groups like the IRA? Or is it just exceptional to Islamist militant terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda? It is not always clear who are the terrorists and who are the terrorized All politics is a struggle for power, and the ultimate kind of power is violence. Hoffman writes that terrorism is where politics and violence intersect in the hope of delivering power. And that all terrorism involves a quest for power. Power to do many things such as to dominate, coerce, control but at long last to effect fundamental political change.Clausewitzs definition of war was war is the lengthiness of Politick b y other means. In this context terrorism fits in accordance to his definition as terrorism too can be considered part of war. Terrorism can be considered a tactic or act of war, or war a tactic or act of terrorism. For example the French used torture during the Battle of Algiers, the US uses terror tactics itself such as Abu Ghraib. It is very difficult to start war from terrorism neatly. Being a terrorist is a stepping-stone to becoming a politician.Thus because of the very ambiguous relationship and line surrounded by war and terrorism, terrorism can be considered as a tonic way, or military tactic of fleck war. Thus anything that tries to counter attack it can also be considered a war. Thus rending the war on terrorism a war. Terrorism is a complex phenomena in which violence is used to obtain political power to readdress grievances In order for one to consider the war on terrorism as an actual war, an actual statement of waging war has had to been make. This is the case wit h the war on terrorism. Al-Qaeda did retain war on the USA in 1998.The bush administration created the term of the axis of evil and the USA did fight a conventional war in Iraq in 2003. The war on terrorism might not be a war in itself but it could be made up and composed by some(prenominal) on going wars such as Chechnya, the government of Sri Lanka versus the Tumult Tigers (which was actually the first country to successfully defeat terrorism), and Mali. There have been clear objectives set out and enemies to defeat. Although this enemy is invisible, and the way of fighting the engagements are different (due to the asymmetrical aspect of the war on terror) it does not mean this is not a war.The rules have changed, the battle space as well, the way of presupposeing of the enemy and war has changed drastically. barely it is still war. It is just a new face of war. However, the war on terrorism is hard to define as an actual war for several reasons. One, because it seems the US and the West are just policing and engaging in nation building to promote liberal democracy. Hoffman mentions the second factor, which is vastly important in discrediting the war on terrorism as a war stating that contradictory traditional wars, the war on terror does not have a clear end. This is because the victory seems unattainable.Terrorism wont die along with the terrorist leaders. Not even when the most wanted terrorist has been killed. DCIA Leon E. Panetta stated that I dont think theres any question that when you get the number one terrorist in the world, that were a pocketable safer today than we were when he was alive. But I also dont think we ought to kid ourselves that killing Usama Bin Ladin kills al-Qaida. Al-Qaida still remains a threat, theyre still going to try to attack our country, and I think we have to continue to be vigilant and continue the effort to ultimately defeat these guys.We damaged them, but we still have to defeat them. In order for a war to be a war, shouldnt it have a clear end? Or at least a possible one? The war on terrorism also is disgraced as being an actual war because it does not take place on a clear battle space. The director of public prosecutions, Sir mess Macdonald quoted London is not a battlefield. Those innocents who were murdered on July 7 2005 were not victims of war. And the men who killed them were not, as in their vanity they claimed on their ludicrous videos, soldiers.They were deluded, selfish inadequates. They were criminals. They were fantasists. We need to be very clear about this. On the streets of London, there is no such thing as a war on terror, just as there can be no such thing as a war on drugs He continues by stating that the fight against terrorism on the streets of Britain is not a war. It is the streak of crime, the enforcement of our laws and the winning of justice for those damaged by their infringement. The war on terror could simply be a war against a thing such as the war on po verty, drugs, crime tc There is no real way to defeat, destroy and rid the planet of such immaterial concepts. The war on terrorism looked under these aspects becomes more difficult to in truth accept as a war. It is difficult to answer the question if whether the war on terrorism is an actual war. It appears that there is a struggle between Al-Qaeda fighting secularism, consumerism, and immorality and the US and the West is fighting against subnormality and against groups of people who reject western values and globalization. Is this what the real war being fought is about? Is this the actual war that is going on?There are both aspects crediting the war on terrorism as a war and others discrediting it. This question however is highly relevant and intertwines to other aspects of IR305 such as the changing nature of war (is the war on terror the new type of war? ), the different types of state of war (is the war on terror the new western way of warfare and terrorism the Arab way o f warfare? ), and the topic of risk societies (are we breeding more terrorism by fighting the war on terror, thus creating more risk). All of these various aspects of IR305 are relevant to the topic of the war on terrorism.

Hospital Emergency Room Overload Essay

As the name implies, the purpose of hospital emergency rooms is to provide officious and expert medical exam treatment for pressing and life threatening medical problems. The truth of the matter is that patients seek the ER for a variety of illnesses and injuries. They disregard range from catastrophic to as minor as a unseasoned child running his/her first fever. The downfall to this is that those patients who are truly not suffering from life threatening situations are taking away from those that are.Overcrowding results in longer waiting times to see a physician. Overcrowding also whitethorn contribute to decreased protection of a persons secretiveness and confidentiality and impaired patient evaluation and treatment. According to an article written by Julie Rovner, she states that, 97% of ER doctors also said they treat patients daily who throw away private insurance and primary fear doctors, but whose primary guard doctors sent them to the emergency room for precaution due to the patient needing care when the doctors office was come togetherd (Rovner, 2011). Overcrowding has also been linked to to a greater extent ends in the emergency room than in the past. One reason is hospitals having to close their doors and rerouting ambulances to other hospitals because their ER is full. Nevertheless, there may be solutions to this ever outgrowth problem.Hospitals can take cost-saving measures to help gruntle the overcrowding issue. They can move perpetual and non-emergency care patients to less expensive settings such as an observation vault of heaven or walk-in center staffed by nurses. Creating more after hours urgent care centers where patients can be seen for non-urgent or life or death situations. Providing appropriate clinic facilities and care for patients without insurance. Providing physicians with incentives for accepting Medicare and Medicaid new patients ordain also alleviate the overcrowding issue. Even though any of these measures cou ld help with overcrowding, and with the Affordable Health explosive charge Act being deemed constitutional, providers dont see overcrowding in the ER slowing down.Due to the constraints of the U.S. health care system, ER care for patientswith non-urgent conditions will continue and probably increase with the onset of the new health care reform. ACEP President David Seaberg said in a statement in July 2012 that, change magnitude the number of patients on Medicaid without an equivalent increase in the number of physicians unbidden to take that insurance will surely increase the flood of patients into our landed estates ERs. Coverage does not equal access (Cheung-Larivee, 2012). In conclusion, a number of different solutions need to be considered and applied. Solving the ER problem is going to involve healthcare workers, business leaders, politicians and the public.ReferencesCheung-Larivee, K. (2012, July 6). Health Reform command wont Solve Emergency Room Overcrowding. Retrieved S eptember 15, 2013, from rambunctious Health Care http//www.fiercehealthcare.com/story/health-reform-ruling-wont-solve-emergency-room-overcrowding/2012-07-06 Rovner, J. (2011, April 28). ER Doctors Say Health truth Will Make ER Crowding Worse. Retrieved September 14, 2013, from Health intelligence agency from NPR http//www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/04/28/135800784/emergency-room-doctors-say-health-law-will-make-er-crowding-worse

Applications of amortization

amortisation Definitions (2) 1. The gradual elimination of a liability, such as a owe, in regular retri exclusivelyions over a specified period of season. Such s cant over curios mustiness be sufficient to acme both header and wager. 2. Writing get through an intangible asset investment funds over the projected support of the assets. Read more http//www. investorwords. com/200/ amortisation. hypertext mark-up languageixzz2GXWACfP2 Applications of amortisation In business, amortization refers to spreading allowances over multiple periods. The frontier is use for two sepa commit processes amortization of gives and amortization of intangible assets. amortization of contributesIn lending, amortization is the distribution of remuneration into multiple cash flow installments, as determined by an amortization schedule. Unlike other re honorarium models, individually re recompense installment consists of both brain and sake. Amortization is chiefly employ in add re ho norariums (a common example being a mortgage give) and in sinking funds. Payments be divided into equal cores for the distance of the lend, devising it the simplest repayment model. A greater constitutional of the payment is use to busy at the beginning of the amortization schedule, while more m cardinaly is utilise to brain at the end.Commonly it is known as EMI or Equated Monthly Installment. 1 or, equivalently, where P is the principal amount borrowed, A is the occasional(a) payment, r is the periodic saki rate divided by 100 (yearly evoke rate overly divided by 12 in case of periodical installments), and n is the total number of payments (for a 30-year contribute with periodical payments n = 30 ? 12 = 360). Negative amortization ( too called deferred bear on) occurs if the payments made do non dig the interest due. The remain interest owed is added to the outstanding give balance, making it larger than the original bestow amount.If the repayment model f or a loan is amply amortized, then the very last payment (which, if the schedule was calculated correctly, should be equal to all others) pays get rid of all remaining principal and interest on the loan. If the repayment model on a loan is not fully amortized, then the last payment due may be a large balloon payment of all remaining principal and interest. If the borrower lacks the funds or assets to immediately make that payment, or adequate mention to refinance the balance into a new loan, the borrower may end up in default. Amortization of intangible assetsIn accounting, amortization refers to expensing the acquisition monetary value minus the residual respect of intangible assets ( a great deal intellectual property such as patents and trademarks or copy slumps) in a systematic stylus over their estimated useable economic lives so as to contemplate their consumption, expiry, obsolescence or other objurgate in value as a result of use or the passage of time. A same conc ept for tangible assets is depreciation. Methodologies for allocating amortization to individually accounting period ar generally the same as for depreciation.However, numerous intangible assets such as good allow for or certain brands may be deemed to have an enigmatical useful life and be therefrom not subject to amortization (although good forget is subjected to an impairment test every year). Amortization is recorded in the financial statements of an entity as a reducing in the carrying value of the intangible asset in the balance flat solid and as an expense in the income statement. at a lower place International Financial inform Standards, guidance on accounting for the amortization of intangible assets is contained in IAS 38. 2 Under United States generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the primary guidance is contained in FAS 142. 3 While theoretically amortization is used to account for the decreasing value of an intangible asset over its useful life, in p ractice, many companies go out amortize what would otherwise be one-time expenses by listing them as a capital expense on the cash flow statement and paying(a) off the cost through amortization, thereby improving the companys net income in the fiscal year or quarter of the expense Amortization schedule An amortization schedule is a table detailing from distributively one periodic payment on an amortizing loan (typically a mortgage), as generated by an amortization information processing system. Amortization refers to the process of paying off a debt ( oft from a loan or mortgage) over time through regular payments. A piece of each payment is for interest while the remaining amount is applied towards the principal balance. The percentage of interest versus principal in each payment is determined in an amortization schedule.While a portion of every payment is applied towards both the interest and the principal balance of the loan, the exact amount applied to principal each time v aries (with the proportionality going to interest). An amortization schedule reveals the specific monetary amount put towards interest, as healthful as the specific amount put towards the principal balance, with each payment. Initially, a large portion of each payment is devoted to interest. As the loan matures, larger portions go towards paying masteredhearted the principal Methods of amortizationThere ar divergent methods in which to take at an amortization schedule. These include Straight describe (linear) Declining balance Annuity Bullet (all at once) Balloon (amortization payments and large end payment) Increasing balance (negative amortization) Amortization schedules run in chronological order. The freshman payment is assumed to take place one full payment period after the loan was taken out, not on the first of all day (the amortization date) of the loan. The last payment completely pays off the remainder of the loan.Often, the last payment will be a slightly diamet ric amount than all earlier payments. In addition to breaking down each payment into interest and principal portions, an amortization schedule also reveals interest-paid-to-date, principal-paid-to-date, and the remaining principal balance on each payment date. role model amortization schedule This amortization schedule is based on the avocation assumptions First, it should be known that rounding errors occur and depending how the lender ccumulates these errors, the blended payment (principal + interest) may vary slightly some months to keep these errors from accumulating or, the accumulated errors are adjusted for at the end of each year, or at the closing loan payment. There are a few crucial points deserving noting when mortgaging a home with an amortized loan. First, there is substantial disparate allocation of the monthly payments toward the interest, especially during the first 18 years of the mortgage. In the example higher up, payment 1 allocates about 80-90% of the tota l payment towards interest and only $67. 9 (or 10-20%) toward the Principal balance. The exact percentage allocated towards payment of the principal depends on the interest rate. Not until payment 257 or 21 years into the loan does the payment allocation towards principal and interest even out and subsequently tip the majority of the monthly payment toward Principal balance pay down. Second, sympathy the above statement, the repetitive refinancing of an amortized mortgage loan, even with decreasing interest place and decreasing Principal balance, can cause the borrower to pay over cholecalciferol% of the value of the original loan amount. Re-amortization or restarting the amortization schedule via a refinance causes the entire schedule to restart the new loan will be 30 years from the refinance date, and sign payments on this loan will again be largely interest, not principal. If the rate is the same, order 8%, then the interest/principal allocation will be the same as at the st art of the original loan (say, 90/10). This economically unfavorable situation is often mitigated by the apparent(a) decrease in monthly payment and interest rate of a refinance, when in fact the borrower is increasing the total cost of the property.This fact is often (understandably) overlooked by borrowers. Third, the payment on an amortized mortgage loan carcass the same for the entire loan term, regardless of Principal balance owed but only for a fixed rate, fully amortizing loan. For example, the payment on the above scenario will remain $733. 76 regardless if the Principal balance is $100,000 or $50,000. Paying down large chunks of the Principal balance in no way affects the monthly payment, it simply reduces the term of the loan and reduces the amount of interest that can be charged by the lender resulting in a quicker payoff.To avoid these caveats of an amortizing mortgage loan many borrowers are choosing an interest-only loan to satisfy their mortgage financing needs. Int erest-only loans have their caveats as well which must be understood ahead choosing the mortgage payment term that is right for the individual borrower. 3 Amortization calculator An amortization calculator is used to determine the periodic payment amount due on a loan (typically a mortgage), based on the amortization process. The amortization repayment model factors varying amounts of both interest and principal into every installment, though the total amount of each payment is the same.An amortization schedule calculator is often used to adjust the loan amount until the monthly payments will fit comfortably into budget, and can vary the interest rate to recover the difference a better rate might make in the kind of home or car one can afford. An amortization calculator can also reveal the exact dollar amount that goes towards interest and the exact dollar amount that goes towards principal out of each individual payment. The amortization schedule is a table delineating these figu res across the duration of the loan in chronological order.The traffic pattern The calculation used to arrive at the periodic payment amount assumes that the first payment is not due on the first day of the loan, but rather one full payment period into the loan. While normally used to process for A, (the payment, given the terms) it can be used to solve for any iodin variable in the equation provided that all other variables are known. virtuoso can rearrange the formula to solve for any one term, shut out for i, for which one can use a root-finding algorithm. The rente formula is Where A = periodic payment amount P = amount of principal, net of initial payments, meaning subtract any down-payments i = periodic interest rate n = total number of payments This formula is valid if i 0. If i = 0 then simply A = P / n. For a 30-year loan with monthly payments, Note that the interest rate is commonly referred to as an annual percentage rate (e. g. 8% APR), but in the above formula, si nce the payments are monthly, the rate must be in terms of a monthly percent. Converting an annual interest rate (that is to say, annual percentage yield or APY) to the onthly rate is not as simple as dividing by 12, put on the formula and discussion in APR. However if the rate is stated in terms of APR and not annual interest rate, then dividing by 12 is an appropriate means of determining the monthly interest rate. blood of the formula The formula for the periodic payment amount is derived as follows. For an amortization schedule, we can define a function that represents the principal amount remaining at time . We can then derive a formula for this function given an unknown payment amount and .We can derive this to Applying the substitution (see geometric progressions) We end up with For payment periods, we expect the principal amount will be completely paid off at the last payment period, or Solving for A, we get or afterward substitution and simplification we get 4 Negative amortization In finance, negative amortization, also known as NegAm, deferred interest or graduate payment mortgage, occurs whenever the loan payment for any period is less than the interest charged over that period so that the outstanding balance of the loan increases.As an amortization method the shorted amount (difference between interest and repayment) is then added to the total amount owed to the lender. 1 Such a practice would have to be agree upon before shorting the payment so as to avoid default on payment. This method is generally used in an introductory period before loan payments exceed interest and the loan becomes self-amortizing. The term is most often used for mortgage loans corporate loans which have negative amortization are called PIK loans. Amortization refers to the process of paying off a debt (often from a loan or mortgage) over time through regular payments.A portion of each payment is for interest while the remaining amount is applied towards the principal balance. The percentage of interest versus principal in each payment is determined in an amortization schedule. 5. Amortizing loan In banking and finance, an amortizing loan is a loan where the principal of the loan is paid down over the life of the loan (that is, amortized) according to some amortization schedule, typically through equal payments. Similarly, an amortizing cohere is a bond that repays part of the principal (face value) along with the coupon payments.Compare with a sinking fund, which amortizes the total debt outstanding by repurchasing some bonds. Each payment to the lender will consist of a portion of interest and a portion of principal. Mortgage loans are typically amortizing loans. The calculations for an amortizing loan are those of an annuity using the time value of money formulas, and can be through with(p) using an amortization calculator. An amortizing loan should be contrasted with a bullet loan, where a large portion of the loan will be paid at the fina l maturity date instead of being paid down gradually over the loans life.An accumulated amortization loan represents the amount of amortization expense that has been claimed since the acquisition of the asset. Effects Amortization of debt has two major onusuate Credit take chances First and most importantly, it substantially reduces the credit risk of the loan or bond. In a bullet loan (or bullet bond), the bulk of the credit risk is in the repayment of the principal at maturity, at which point the debt must either be paid off in full or rolled over. By paying off the principal over time, this risk is mitigated. Interest rate riskA secondary effect is that amortization reduces the duration of the debt, reducing the debts sensitivity to interest rate risk, as compared to debt with the same maturity and coupon rate. This is because there are smaller payments in the future, so the weighted-average maturity of the cash flows is lower. Weighted-average life Main article Weighted-avera ge life The number weighted average of the times of the principal repayments of an amortizing loan is referred to as the weighted-average life (WAL), also called average life. Its the average time until a dollar of principal is repaid. In a formula, where is the principal, is the principal repayment in coupon , hence is the fraction of the principal repaid in coupon , and is the time from the start to coupon 6. Amortization (tax law) In tax law, amortization refers to the cost recovery system for intangible property. Although the theory behind cost recovery deductions of amortization is to deduct from basis in a systematic manner over an assets estimated useful economic life so as to reflect its consumption, expiration, obsolescence or other decline in value as a result of use or the passage of time, many times a perfect match of income and deductions does not occur for policy reasons.Depreciation A corresponding concept for tangible assets is depreciation. Methodologies for al locating amortization to each tax period are generally the same as for depreciation. However, many intangible assets such as goodwill or certain brands may be deemed to have an indefinite useful life, or self-created and are therefore not subject to amortization

Intro to Rh Bill

Humans are inbredly born dominateed with laws and thats what we call the natural law. And as we, humans grow to sustain more intellectual, we generated our own laws and rules to govern our lives for better quality and discipline. But sometimes, there are laws or proponents that boast gained different viewpoints among us as to its necessity, value, and morality. One of these is the Reproductive Health Bill. approximately over a decade has passed since the Reproductive Health Bill in the Philippines was for the first time proposed, now that the pursuance of the bill has gained its rebirth, still it has become a part of the national debate bringing about a wider division. The Reproductive Health Bill, popularly known as the RH Bill, is a Philippine bill aiming to guarantee universal access to methods and information on birth control and maternal care.While there is general capital of New Hampshire about its provisions on maternal and child health, there is dandy debate on its key proposal that the Filipino taxpayer and the private sphere of influence will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices furthermore, 81% Filipinos are Catholics, the Catholic Church exerts a strong influence in public life. Its staunch of opposition to the bill has drawn the ire of non-Catholics and Catholics likewise who support the bill, and they invoke the principle of separation of church and state to erupt the church. Passage or non-passage of the bill has negative implications depending on the views.

Causes & Effects of Academic Cheating

Dusan Micovic EN105 Prof. Rutt 13/10/2012 The Causes and Effects of Academic deception Cheating has been an issue for years in academician settings, whether in the first grades, high school or college. However, definition of trick remains unclear. It is so widespread and it overlaps with so many academic activities that it does not suck a specific, clear, uniform policy on what constitutes academic dishonesty. Parental gouge put up also lead to cheating. jibe to Professor Daniel J. Bauer, parents sometimes coerce their children into attending college by relating horror stories to them about people who never attended college. Parents allow discover their teenagers that they will never succeed in life without a college nurture. These amicable parents may even expect nothing but As on their childs transcript. This paternal notion overlooks the possibility that a vocational program may thusly be a better fit for a student.It also increases the pressure these individuals feel to succeed, whether in high school or college, or attempt losing the love of their parents. Failing a test, for example, is not an option, so they feel they essential pass at any cost, even if it means cheating. In a survey by Rutgers University, students felt that cheating is a necessary mode to ensure success through high school, college and later in life. raising News has conducted a survey and found that students who are poorly on the watch are more likely to cheat than those who studied or spotless assignments.Poor preparation is usually a result of laziness, which is indeed one of the biggest obstacles towards academic success. Seeing as overcoming laziness and developing effective study habits faculty be ache and tough road, students prefer taking a shortcut. According to Orment, attitude of the teacher or professor is another possible operator that could drive students to cheating. If the mentor is not prone to offering help distant of class, or is too harsh on gra ding, this could lead students to cheat.Another practice that dejection lead to cheating, that researchers mentioned, was weighting a final examination so hard that failing the test automatically fails a student. The ultimate goal of education is to teach students some crucial concepts and techniques. However, many students dont have those academic foundations because of the excessive cheating. When cheating is successfully repeated, it easily becomes a habit. Their creativity and sense of responsibility will drop over time, and dependency of cheating will grow.They will leave the education system, with a belief that things in life will always come easy, handed to them on a silver platter. Soon after they step into the work environment they will notice that they were wrong. Accumulated lack of knowledge and skill will hazard them realize that they are simply not ready. Although cheating can be just a harmless tool of support for years in school and college, it could also produce some serious consequences in the long run, due to its overuse and abuse.

Philosophy of Health Education

The world that we realise today has stick with a long way since the 1900s. If we think about the number of philosophers and psychologists that wealthy person made discoveries and hypothesis about the things around them in link upion with their ideals, principals and values, we mickle tout ensemble clearly explain that the world is ever ever-changing as a result of holistic approaches and expression of intelligence. With this world said, it is with certainty that I believe in the idealism philosophy. Life is about fellowship. Life encompasses innate meaning and spiritual reality. Humans exhibit this knowledge through knowledgeable thoughts of the world around them.All humans ar born with an inner- beloved. The inner good can set out something so ordinary and boring and play it into spectacular ideals. In life, it is important to hold values, raisingal activity, spirituality and creativity in the highest regard. The most valuable of these characteristics is that of edu cation and spirituality. Holding these two characteristics of utmost wideness can enable in human being to think out of doors the box of life itself and make whole things feasible. With education, one and only(a) can ascertain and collectively approach life with under birthing and competence.With spirituality, one can connect themselves with something with bigger meaning and create values. I believe that seeing everything in this world as something more than what it is in plain sight creates an military capability and understanding that is so powerful and meaningful that nothing can cut off you. I believe that knowledge is the most powerful weapon in the world. Holding this near and dear to my heart I believe that anything is viable and at that place is nothing or no one that can intermit you from learning and believing. The consumption of life is to gain knowledge and turn that knowledge into something extraordinary.It is about letting our minds take control and create something new. Life is meant to be about discovery and meaningful experiences especially with the people around us. In relation to my personal philosophy of life, wellness is very similar. Dictionary. com defines wellness as, the planetary condition of the body or mind with reference to soundness and zero good health poor health. In my own wrangling and thoughts, I think a large portion of health encompasses a certain emphasis on the mind and well being as a result of good mental health. This is all made possible though health education.However, health education does have to include all dimensions of health emotional, occupational, physical, spiritual, intellectual and accessible. With this knowledge of health and utilizing all six dimensions of wellness each individual can successfully place their self on the wellness continuum. The wellness continuum is very simple. When you have signs or symptoms of bad health, you are placed on the side of bad health with a discourse plan. However, if you are aware of your health, continue your education on your health and reflexion forward to growth, you are placed on the good health side.It all begins with health education a learning opportunity to see the dangers one can face that can negatively affect their health and the arbitrary choices one can make that can prolong their life expectancy. The purpose of health is self promotion, well-being. Health is a life of knowledge, spiritual and social connections intertwined with well being that creates a long, prosperous journey. Health education in my own words is the knowledge about personal well-being, physically, mentally and socially that encompasses a number of philosophies to truly exhibit understanding.The predominate health education philosophies are behavior change, cognitive-based, decision-making, freeing and functioning and social change. All 5 of these philosophies should closely be tied into health education. Wikipedia defines health education as the profession of educating people about health. 1 Areas within this profession encompass environmental health, physical health, social health, emotional health, intellectual health, and spiritual health. 2 It can be defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to practice in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance, or restoration of health. Being an idealist, with an emphasis on knowledge and the mind, I think health education is of major importance. Giving people the knowledge about good health, best practices and an understanding of why it is so important to take lead on of ourselves is of significant importance. With this knowledge of health education, people are able to rationally think about the choices they make that can affect their health, good or bad.The benefits of health education are endless. People living longer, healthier, happier lives are erect one of many benefits of health education. In my mind, especially as an idealist, there are no limitations to health education. Our minds are endless when it comes to creativity and with that being said there is nothing that cannot be solved using a little creativity and healthy thinking power. However, this is only possible when we carry out all aspects of health education, from understanding and teaching the back prevarication hilosophies, to the predominate health education philosophies and the dimensions of wellness and everything they encompass can this take place. When society meets the ongoing goals and objectives facing health issues now and creates new goals and objectives, we know that we are achieving positive health education. Health education is ever changing and new health issues are always arising it is overcoming these issues and setting out a template to take on the next issues that keep our society pathetic in the right direction towards positive health.The purpose of health education is to promote positive life experiences, touching all dimensions of wellness. Health education creates healthy people who in return create healthy communities that stand together and fight for healthier lifestyles. A person is well educated if health education when they can bring out what health is by ruling of philosophies and all aspects of life that health effects. This person can also describe current health issues and can create a solution to protagonist fix the heath issues. References Cohen, LeoNora M. 1999). variance III- Philosophical Perspectives in Education. OSU- School of Education, Section II.Retrieved from http//oregonstate. edu/instruct/ed416/ PP2. html Six Dimensions of health Model (2011). National Wellness Institute.Retrieved from http//www. nationalwellness. org/index. php? id_tier=2&id_c=25 Works Cited Health Education. (2011). WikipediaRetrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org /wiki/Health_education Health. (2011). Dictionary. com. Retrieved from http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/health

Case- Harley-Davidson-Strength & Weaknesses Essay

CASE ASSIGNMENTTo complete module 3 Case Assignment, enjoy read the discipline in the background material, look for more information (from previous modules and library resources), and then write a 4- to 5-page report tell the following questionsWhat argon H-Ds top two or terzetto strengths for moving forward in the competitive ride manufacturing and sales purlieu?Describe what you consider to be two or three of the weaknesses that are likely to brook the greatest impact, and what H-D is doing (or should be doing) to overcome these weaknesses.Wrap up by overviewing the more salient plosives of your entire SWOT analysis (from your Module 3 and 4 Case Assignments) and give your impressions in relation to whether you think the corporation ordain continue to be competitive and be adapted to continue to meet its mission.An introduction stating the thesis, position, or central theme of your paper, a main body focusing on the key assignment specifications, and a conclusion concis ely stating the main points of your analysis and the conclusions you reached.INTRODUCTIONHarley-Davidson, Inc. is a U.S. found motorcycle manufacturer which was founded in 1903 and still remain one of the go around American companies. Over the courses, Harley-Davidson has adopted antithetical strategies to promote their products in enunciate to maintain its profitability and presence in the U.S. and International market. This paper willing include the internal analysis identifying the keep company strengths and weaknesses and my personal impression is the company will be able to continue to be competitive and able to fulfilits mission.THREE MAJOR STRENGTHS THAT CONTRIBUTE THE COMPANY TO BE matched IN THE MOTORCYCLE MANUFACTURING AND SALES ENVIRONMENTHarley-Davidson, Inc. is a recognized spot legend, not just in the join States but all over the world, representing value, great designs, bulletproof performance, durability, exclusivity and great client service. Harley-David son has been in billet since 1903 and has endured the unending market changes and customers demands for juvenile products. The President and CEO of Harley-Davidson, Mr. Jim Zeiner, in 2005 have evince the main reason of the company success A strong randy tug draws people to Harley-Davidson. Emotions play a huge role in every customer relationship. Mr. Zeiner believed that Our sense of purpose-in different words, our focus on evolveing demand by offering great products and unique cognizes have been one of the constants of company success (Harley-Davidson, Inc., 2005).In order to maintain their business competitive in the motorcycle manufacturing and sales environment the company had to ontogenesis along with these changes. One of the ways to accomplish the constant demand for freshly and innovative products, Harley-Davidson has created and maintained a strong research and break dancement building block to create brisk innovative designs. Another feature available for Har ley-Davidson customers is a webpage where customers can customize motorcycles appearance and performance, giving additional ideas to create new designs (models), attracting existing and new customers to buy Harley-Davidson bikes.Harley-Davidsons in operation(p) virtue surrender the company to reduce waste, improving quality and increase customer gratification by reconfiguring layouts and processes to gain capacity, reduce work-in progress and handling 50 percent, and reduce three operating shifts to two (Harley-Davidson, Inc., 2005). Through all Harley-Davidson facilities the operational excellence strategy has facilitated the workflow which allowed the company to increase their capacity of product processes.Harley-Davidson management is constantly finding ways to correct processes including standard monetarysoftware platforms that service all business units creating ways to improve soothsaying for new performance accessories (Harley-Davidson, Inc., 2005). The company operat ional efficiency improvement has resulted in a revenue increase from $5.58 billion in 2012 to $5.9 billion in 2013 as well the operating margin of 17.92 percent in 2012 as compared to19.61 percent in 2013. The operating income has also increased 169 basis point (bps) indicating an improvement in profitability (Marketwatch.com).Harley-Davidson has two segments in which offer a variety of products and services. One of the segments is responsible for the development of designs, manufacturing motorcycles, sales of parts, accessories, general mathematical product and related services done Motorcycles & Related Products. The other segment provides pecuniary services to Harley-Davidson motorcycle dealers, in other words to finance Harley-Davidson franchises through Harley-Davidson Financial Services (GlobalData, 2012).TWO MAJOR WEAKNESSES AND HOW TO OVERCOME THESE WEAKNESSESOne of Harley-Davidson weaknesses, in the past and existing, is product recovers which has and still affecting co mpanys revenues. In September of this year, Harley-Davidson recal lead more than 105,000 motorcycles from 2014 model year because their clutches may fail, do stopped bikes to creep forward and potentially crash, not been the hardly recall for this year. Earlier this year the Milwaukee Company also is recalling 1,384 motorcycles made earlier this year to test for possible provide tank leaks ( swain Press, 2014). Product recalls not only affect the financial stability of Harley-Davidson but also affect their daub and reputation as well.Another Harley-Davidson weakness is their richly dependency on Unites States market which increases its business risk. Based on Harley-Davidson financial statement for the fiscal year of 2012, the company sales depended on the 68.1 percent of the market which is an high percentage, if is any adverse event could adversely affect the companys financial stability (GlobalData, 2012)._Product Recalls_Harley-Davidsons Product Development Center (PDC) sho uld improve the quality of their products to reduce recalls issues preventing any further damage to companys reputation._U.S. Market Dependency_There are some issues for Harley-Davidson to enter or grow in countries in the international market which includes an unstable economy, currency exchange, fuel prices. Harley-Davidson should take into consideration these issues and develop lighter and less costly motorcycles that will allow the company to increase their probability to create a new market niche. In order to reduce manufacturing costs Harley-Davidson have the pickax to open a manufacturing factory closer to these markets reducing cost and increase revenue.SWOT ANALYSIS MAIN POINTS & IMPRESSION OF FUTURE OF HARLEY-DAVIDSONHarley-Davidson is a thriving company composed by dedicated employees, most of them who have been running(a) for many years and they are able to understand market changes and customer demands. Harley-Davidson has a strong brand image, diversity of products, customization, high operational efficiency, strong research center, and great customer service.In my opinion, I think Harley-Davidson has many years to come. The new strategies they have developed includes, the manufacture of customer led motorcycle, seamless launch of surge production, flexibility to adjust to other markets dynamics, develop and manufacture designs to new demographics of clients which includes young adults from 18-34 years old, women, African Americans and Hispanics, and new financial and insurance programs (A. R. Harley-Davidson, 2013). Harley-Davidson have demonstrated with a successful track get into that they have the capacity to maintain their position and reputation in the motorcycle market.CONCLUSIONHarley-Davidson has encountered many problems since its creation and over the years and has adopted different strategies to promote their products and brand name not only in the United State but internationally, opening the doors to create business opportunitie s in other countries. No matter their high and lows, their products have proved to be the best in the motorcycle industry and they are still intent better models to provide the best experience of motorcycling, including past learning experience to improve flaws. They have also been able to improve their operational excellence which has increased companys revenue creating a financial stability.ReferencesAssociate Press. (2014, Sep 27). Harley issues recalls to fix clutches, fuel tanks. _The Big Story_.Retrieved October 21, 2014, from http//bigstory.ap.org/article/9e99e8c27efe4b62b4f8eb749275249e/harley-issues-recalls-fix-clutches-fuel-tanksCook, B., (2012). _Strategize this Facilitating Corporate scheme Development External__ synopsis_. Retrieved October 21, 2014, from http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=syDRegjvFEw&list=PL-ao-8pxqJKLwBr-921a5V9o3P_Uva_mvGlobalData, (2012). _Harley-Davidson, Inc. Financial and Strategic Analysis Review_. Retrievedon August 18, 2014, from http//callisto .ggsrv.com/imgsrv/Fetch?banner =4d609cd7&digest=27b6b6d33026b58ef227e0025dda7d42&contentSet=SWOT&recordID=47405_GDAUT29887FSAHarley-Davidson, (2012). _Harley-Davidson shows act improvement_. Retrieved August18, 2014, from http//www.harley-davidson.com/en_US/Content/Pages/HD_News/Company/news.html?article=en_US/News/1483_press_release.hdnewsHarley-Davidson, Inc. (2005). _2005 one-year Report._ Retrieved October 19, 2014, fromhttp//www.artikus.com.tr/kurumsal/faaliyetraporu/5.pdfHarley-Davidson, Inc. (2013). 2013 was a big year for Harley-Davidson. _2013 Annual Review._Retrieved October 19, 2014, from http//ar.harley-davidson.com/letter.phpLooney, D. C., & Ryerson, A. (2011). Lehman trikes A story deep down a story._Arden Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc_. Retrieved August 4, 2014, from http//search.proquest.com/docview/912511497?accountid=28844MarketWatch. (n.d.). Harley-Davidson. _Annual financials for Harley-Davidson, Inc_. RetrievedOctober 24, 2014, from http//www.marketwatch.co m/investing/stock/HOG/financialsMarketingteacher.com (2011). _SWOT Analysis_. Retrieved August 18, 2014, fromhttp//marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-swot.htmlTaylor, A., (2012). The hurdling at Harley-Davidson. _CNN Money_ Fortune. RetrievedAugust 4, 2014, from http//money.cnn.com/2012/10/03/autos/harley-davidson-polaris.fortune/index.htmlThe Associate Press. (2014). _Harley-Davidson issues recalls to fix clutches, fuel tanks_. RetrievedOctober 21, 2014, from http//www.dailyfinance.com/2014/09/29/harley-davidson-mortorcycle-clutch-fuel-tank-recall/UMC Staff, (2013) Harley-Davidson 2012 Worldwide Sales Up 6.2%. _Ultimate Motorcycling_.Retrieved August 18, 2014, from http//ultimatemotorcycling.com/harley-davidson-2012-worldwide-sales-up-6-2/http//nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/33965/8/33019108.pdf

Psych Approach to Othello Essay

Approach of W aguishiam Shakespeares Othello Jealousy is bred in doubts. When those doubts change into certainties, then the passion either ceases or turns absolute madness,- Francois De La Rochefoucauld. All people have the seed of jealousy inside them. yet, the doubts of cardinals self help grow the seed of jealousy. Othello was never what seemed to be a jealous man save when Iago led him to conceptualise Desdemona was universe unfaithful, Othello started to show his side of jealousy which last led to his self destruction.Othellos ego is sh accept through with(predicate) his indecisive decision and the wavering of his judgement. Othellos primaeval instincts take all all over consuming his ego and superego leading him to his d letfall. Finally, Othello superego prevails in his average decisions throughout the play. In William Shakespeares Othello, Othello starts off as a demythologized and moral contribution. As the play progresses, Othello becomes consumed by jealousy and he deteriorates resulting in his over recreateive ID and superego leading to his destruction.Othello appears as a unobjection able and intellectualable comp unrivalednt part from what the audience base see. His psyche is initially dimensiond and he does non seem uniform a typeface that would be despicable by Iago. Initaly, Othellos ego becomes visible when he get brought to court and Brabantio is charge Othello of witchcraft on his daughter Desdemona, to make her fall in have it off with him. Othello reacts calmly and says hold your hands, both you of my fight, i should have known it without a prompter. Whither will you that i go to answer this your charge. ( Shakespeare 1. 84-86 )Through the use of words, Othello is able to submit reason towards the court exhibit his prevailing ego. In addition, Othello once over again reveals his ego, when hes in the court and allows Desdemona to speak on his behalf, showing his reasonable and mature actions. Othello says, And til l she come as truly as to heaven I do confess the vices of my blood. ( Shakespeare 1. 3 124-125) Othello responds in lawfulness reasonably as he states his opinions rather than starting an argument. Therefore displaying his mightiness to control his ID like qualities.Finally, before Othello murders Desdemona, he experiences self conflict as he is trying to decide weather or non to act on this murder, thus displaying his ability to decipher between good and bad. overall Othello demonstrates his ego because no one is manipulating him in the offshoot of the play Othello is his own person, and his love for Desdemona is so strong that nothing is getting in the way. However this changes when Iago starts his lies into othello. Othello started off as the character that compassion could not shake but quickly his character took a turn for the worse and an immense character change occurred.Through out the middle of the play ID has overcome his character which ultimately causes his fallin g point. For instance, during the cash in ones chips acts of the play,Othello slaps Desdemona and says, d ugly. if that the earth could teem with womens tears, each drop she falls would prove a crocodile. Out of my slight. (Shakespeare 4. 1 231- ) His character looks horrific and this kind of violence was frown upon. Othello striking Desdemona shows his ID like qualities coming out and not being able to control his petulance at all times.Towards the end of Othello, after he questions Emilia on Desdemonas loyalty, Othello says to Desdemona, oh, ay as summer flies are in the shambles, That speed even with blowing. O thou weed, who art so lovely fair and smellst so sweet that the sense aches at thee, would thou hadst neer been born ( Shakespeare 4. 2 69-73 ) Othello is stating that Desdemona is unfaithful and wishes she was never born, nonetheless Othello has deep in thought(p) all of his moral and values through his commits caused by Iago. In addition, Iago dominates over Othell os psyche creating an ID behaviour by informing the idea that othello should kill his innocent wife.After Iago tells him about Cassio using the handkerchief this prevailed othello into killing him own naive wife, get me some poison Iago this night, ill not reason with her, lest her body and beauty unprovided my mind- this night Iago. (Shakespeare 4. 1 194-196) This demonstrates the ID behaviour for the reason that his desire overpowers his voice of restraint ultimately leading to him killing desdemona. Othellos id is fuelled by Iago since his paper and needs to not be seen as a watch are eventually more(prenominal) important to him than his own wife.In the last sense on the play Othellos ID developed even stronger into an active Id this is shown when othello walks into the room when Desdemona is sleeping in her wedding sheets. Othello begins to speak to himself to justify his reason to preform an immoral action, it is the cause, it is the cause my soul . ( Shakespeare 5. 2 1 ) Othello reputation is more essential to him because he is well liked in Cyprus ultimately leading him to killing Desdemona. Overall, Othellos ID grew stronger as Iago fabrications became more believable and agonistic upon him.Othellos strong conscience and internalized moral standards begin to take over Othellos ego and ID which results into his downfall. His sense of morals are processed in the play when his voice of restraint becomes predominate over his desires and reputation. This is seen in the beginning of the play when Othello removes Cassios rank in cyprus. Thy honesty and love doth cushion this matter, Making it light to Cassio. Cassio I love thee, but never more be office of mine ( Shakespeare 2. 3. 26-28), this is demonstrating his super ego because there is a slight voice of restraint when he says i love thee.In particular this proves his superego because although Cassios status is important it is the friendship between Cassio and himself that makes him finger g uiltiness. Eventually this leads to his superego becoming more existent when Iago begins to plot that Cassio and Desdemona are having an affair. Othello begins to take it however, he demands evidence showing his sense of right from wrong, .. i opine that thou art just and think thou art not, ill have some proof (Shakespeare 3. 3 392-394 ). His superego is shown because he is demonstrating that he has a sense of morals by telling Iago he will not believe it until he has proof.Although there might be slight truth on what Iago is saying he still believes his wife is faithful unless Iago provides him with the proof he needs because ultimately he does not want to believe that his wife would do such a thing. After killing his wife Desdemona, Othello realizes that he will never have her back again, he cant regain his ego which ultimately leads to his suicide. Before committing suicide othello states, . of one that loved not wisely, but to well. Of one not easily jealous, but being wroug ht, perplexed in the extreme. Of one whose hand. ( Shakespeare 5. 360-363) This eventually demonstrates his active superego because finally knowing the truth about Iagos lies developed a heavy guilt leading to his death. His superego becomes predominant over the others which is eventually bounteous as a neurosis. Othellos overactive superego is ultimately shown through his guilt of killing his wife since he now knows the truth of Iagos evil schemes. In the final analysis of William Shakespeares Othello, Othello starts of as a lucid and moral character but as the play progresses his ID and superego result in his own destruction.Othello begins to be consumed by jealousy which ultimately leads to his decline within himself. In the beginning of the play Othellos ego since is able to balance out his ID and superego. As the play continues on Othellos ID becomes essential to him through Iagos unethical lies, however at the end of the play it is his overactive superego and guilt that le ads to his suicide. William Shakespeare is trying to state that those who have an ego and are able to withhold themselves will ultimately be okay, but if individual allows others to alter them it will lead to a downfall within one, this is proven in Othello.

Religious Diversity in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a fiddling country in Asia, with the major population to be Moslem (80%). However, it is besides the home of different religious groups, mainly Hindoo, with a population of nearly 16% and also Christians and Buddhists with sm entirely percentage. Minorities include Biharis and tribal among the tribal Chakma is the largest. In general, this country never had major issues regarding religious diversity but to hunch forward the opinion of people in general, we interviewed a Muslim housewife, a Christian woman working at a beauty parlor, and a Hindu university scholarly person. We asked them a number of questions about their religious festivals, faith, and opinion on other religions and cultural differences.According to our gathered answers, the main two festivals for Muslims argon- Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul_Azha for Hinduism- Durga and Kali puja for Christians- Christmas and Easter. general they every last(predicate) showed respect towards other religion and said tha t Bangladesh is receptive to diversity. The student felt that religion is indeed a major cause for fermentation around the world. The opinion of the Muslim lady and the Christian student matched as they said that to keep peace intact, we should not criticize other religions and not say anything offensive about them. Everyone has their own belief and they are ripe on their positions. Therefore, we should not feel ourselves superior to others.Regarding culture, there are a number of differences in eating habits, dress up and daily life. Bangladeshi people are fond of rice, vegetables and fish basically. However, Hindu people are fond of chapatti (a form of bread) and sweet dishes Christians like wine a lot and they eat bread and drink wine to remember Jesus, this is called- Communion. Muslim ladies extend saree or salwar kameez mainly, and at times they fag out a veil (knowh as nakab) to cover their faces. Hindu gents wear dhoti, a white cloth wrapped around the lower part of thei r bodies, and Punjabi during their puja or other various festivals. The marriages also differ significantly Christian brides wear white on their wedding day, whereas in Hinduisim, white is worn by widows.Every religion is different. They are unique in their own ways, with the faith, influence and in their way of practice. There are many Masjids, mandirs, Temples and Churches in Bangladesh all different in their decoration and followers. But at the end of the day, it all comes to one conclusion- Humanity. No matter which religion we belong to, or whether we religion ALLAH, RAM or JESUS- we are humans, created by the same God, and thus should give-up the ghost together in harmony, show respect to others and maintain an unbreakable unity, not only in the country, but also in the world as a whole.Related article Padma Bridge

A Relation of Difference: The Politics of Black “Signification”

Louis Gates, Jrs examination of the the tropes of tropes in sick lit is a pi singleering account of the vicissitudes of a movement of difference. As a critical response to The Signifying putter, the essay would seek to reveal the idiosyncrasies of Gates literary criticism with relations to the idiosyncrasies of barren literary tradition of difference.The Discreteness of black DifferenceThe second chapter of Louis Gates, Jr.s famous book The Signifying Monkey has a wonderful analysis of the rhetoric system and Afro-American signification traditions.The black concept of signifying, quite diametricly from the standard English, is inherently difficult to traverse as it (re)doubles itself at every attempt of closer examination. Gates (1988) forcefully argues that parallel to the classic confrontation between Afro-American culture and American culture, there is a political and metaphysical, relationship that black Signification bears to the English signification is, paradoxically, a relation of difference inscribed within a relation of identity (p.45).It is important to none the organic relations black literary traditions have with the identity of blacks, which are again (re)constructed through these traditions themselves. The distinctness of Black difference emerges from its status of being parallel to the white American literary universe.Intertextuality is also a discrete feature of the Afro-American belles-lettres as each poem refers to other poems of the same genre (Gates, 1988, p.60). Here, the repeat and revision of structural elements are something common and shared.It must bee seen as a narrative technique for emphasizing the common signifier which is a de facto priority for the community. Therefore, Gates asserts that value, in this art of poeisis, lies in foregrounding rather than in the invention of a novel sense (p.61). Needless to say, the common mother wit in black literature as a shared centre is diametrically opposite to the white Americ an idea of new signified as authentic.Moreover, it is possible to argue that the Black English itself is a different lecture and the blacks do not speak the same language of the whites. For Gates, the language of blackness encodes and names its sense of independence through a rhetorical process that we might think of as the Signfyin(g) black difference. For Blacks, language and its kickshaw is a enquiry of (re)inventing themselves as creative, as opposed to the white impose idea of being imitative.In addition, for blacks, a new language with their own jargons is a tool for ultimately defining themselves. The black life is more most the liveliness poetry in the streets than the taught poetry in the class rooms. The question of black Signifying is a question of another way of life that is not centered on the literary paradigms of white male Europeans.The assertion of the political science black difference by Gates is not an attempt at molding a difference for a new zone of engag ement. But, it is the guileless assertion of what really exist as the difference of both living and creating since slavery as black people have been Signifyin(g), without explicitly barter it that (Gate, 1988, p.67).As it is in the white language, black Signification is not merely a form of indirect signification on the contrary, it is a way of identifying with ones true identity. Most importantly, Black Signification is a labyrinthine rhetorical device that is heterogeneous and multiple.ConclusionThe Signification in black literature is closely related to the discreteness of their way of life. The Black Signifyin(g) is closely conjugate to the identity and collective belongingness of the blacks. The Significations stands not with its meaning, but with its utterance itself.ReferenceGates, H. L, Jr. (1988). The Signifying Monkey a Theory of Afro-AmericanLiterary Criticism. Oxford Oxford University Press. pp. 44-89

Substrate

A1. usance of Enzymes in Processes Enzymes are organic catalysts that help to bucket along up the partition of a molecule, such as fructose. The enzyme helps a chemical reaction take place quickly so that the reaction happens properly. In arrange for that to happen the enzymes process by the control and key model, the lock is the substrate and the enzyme is the key. The active sites are specific to a certain substrate of a molecule, so the enzymes only have one job to do. The invent of an enzyme is not mixed bagd or consumed during these reactions.However, without enzymes the reactions would take too long and would not break set down properly. A2. Deficiency in Aldolase B In hereditary fructose superstition there is a protein lacking that is needed to crack-up fructose. Aldolase B is the kernel needed to breakdown fructose. Without the Aldolase B the body is not able to change glycogen into glucose that the body needs. When this happens an individuals blood sugar preempt fall and joins will build up in the liver create more health issues.With an absence of the enzyme Aldolase B, fructose cannot be broken down causing hereditary fructose intolerance. Symptoms can be life-threatening, these include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and hypoglycemia following ingestion of fructose or different sugars metabolized through fructose-1-phosphate. Prolonged fructose ingestion in infants leads ultimately to liverwort and/or renal failure and death. (Haldeman-Englert, 2011) A4. Substrate The specific substrate acted on by Aldolase B is fructose-1-phosphate (F1P).This then is reborn into DHAP and glyceraldehyde. Once the conversion is immaculate the product can enter the glycolysis cycle to from ATP or dexterity social occasiond for the body. In normal cellular conditions, the primary enzymatic body process of aldolase B is to cleave fructose diphosphate (FDP). (Roth, 2012) A5. Role of Aldolase B Aldolase B is the substance needed to breakdown fructo se. Its specific role is to speed up the breakdown process of fructose to a more usable from in the body.Aldolase B is primary found in the liver, but can also be found in the small intestines and kidneys. B1. Interconversions of Cori Cycle If the Cori Cycle occurred and then remained in a single cell, no useful metabolic work would be complete. The reason for this is that if the Interconversions of the Cori Cycle were to take a place within a single cell it would constitute a futile cycle with glucose world consumed and resynthesized at the expense of the ATP and GTP hydrolysis. (Campbell & Farrell, 2008) If this were to happen the cycle would essentially be running in opposite directions, having no affect and wasting energy. Having some(prenominal) the glycolysis portion and the gluconeogenesis portion going at the corresponding time, will solving in glucose being converted in to pyruvate by glycolysis and then converted back to glucose by gluconeogenesis, all this will cause a use of ATP, not making. The cycle needs to take place in order to produce ATP, an energy source for the body especially during muscle activity. B3.Defect Preventing transition of ADP to ATP Having a deficiency in the Citric acetous cycle can create the entire cycle to halt essentially. Having the citric tart cycle halt can create a build-up of lactic acid, decreasing the amount of oxygen getting to the tissues. Hypothetically the Citric irate cycle is missing the enzyme malate Malic acid acts as a catalyst in the Krebs cycle to increase energy production from the burning of pyruvic acid. Malic acid also aids in exercise recovery by counteracting the build-up of lactic acid. (Ward, 2011) Missing the malic acid can create chronic fatigue, muscular myalgia, and arthritic-like pains. some(prenominal) disturbances to the cycle can produce and contribute to neurological and physical problems. B4. Role of Coenzyme Q10 The role of Coenzyme Q10 in ATP synthesis is unique. It can functi on in every cell of the body to make energy no separate molecule can perform this function. The enzyme is very hydrophobic, so it can remind freely within the cell membrane.Its special function is that is can meet and donate electrons, which plays a big role in the electron transport chain. It accepts electrons generated during fatty acid and glucose metabolism and then transfers them to electron acceptors. At the same time, Coenzyme Q transfers protons outside the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient across that membrane. The energy released when the protons move back into the mitochondrial interior is used to from ATP. (Higdon, 2003)

Key influences on the emergence of symbolic interactionism

Idealism Scottish Moralist Functional psychological science Darnings evolution Pragmatism German Idealism it is if the spot that sympathetics create the worlds they inhabit. That is human being occupy a world of our own making. It further pleads that forms and erudition have no existence prior to their objects. That is we create form and perception as we create symbolic material object. They believe that meaning is organize out of interaction. Scottish Moralist It focuses on how the mind and self ar social products.One of the theorists is Adams smith who talked extensively about role taking. Functional Psychology Functional psychology argues that communication is the process which makes society. They ar of the view that speech makes the society possible because only human possess language they are active beings who do not passively respond to stimuli. Darnings Evolution It argues that at that place Is novelty to human activity that perpetually defies both determinism and confident predictability. The evolution concept of process and emergence bestowed on some ideas such as behavior is a result of an adaptation to environment.Pragmatism pragmatism are of the view that human beings are active creative agent and not passive. They argue that the world people live In Is the one they had In spate that Is shaped by them. They further argue that subjectivity does not exist prior to experience but it rather flows from It.

Level of Awareness on Philippine Independent Films Essay

RationaleMovies have been an important part of everyday sense for more than a century. Most muckle already k zero(prenominal) a undischarged deal about it. But majority of viewers lever those on the mainstreams without giving prior notice to the existence of individual scoots. The chances for an breaka direction pullulate to elicit at least a semblance of mainstream rejoinder remains very low. free-living films atomic number 18 largely ignored by ordinary movie-goers in the Philippines, but the genre has become the in tender function in the country as it gains internationalist acclaim and generates the worldwide interest. (Onscreen Asia, 2009) check to Maslog (2007), independent films which is also kn accept as indie films screwing be in a form of short or full-length movie house which expresses self-expression and creativity different from mainstream cinema.The very nature of an independent film appears to be easier and cheaper since the essencelyotted budget for its production is minimal. But, although the budgets ar low, some of these films have been screened and awarded by local and international film festivals. Though independent films ar beseeming successful locally and internationally, there are also negative connotations when independent movies are mentioned. There are doubts coming from Filipino themselves because of the usual topics of indie films meagreness, homosexuality, prostitution, the underworld, and life in the margins, which exploits the image of the society (The periodical Guardian, 2012).As communicating students and future media practitioners, the plain go out provide a profound sagacity about independent films to appreciate better the ways of such films by dint of its messages and to raise everyones alertness on the said genre of film. Since, the enquiryers and respondents are both in line with the practice of media this remove allow fix theminto the world of film industry, specifically, Philippine s elf-sufficient films.Statement of the ProblemThe poll was conducted to investigate the take aim of awareness on selected Philippine autarkicals cinemas of AB confabulation studentsSpecifically, the teach attempted to answer the pursuance questions1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in harm of1.1, Age1.2 Gender?2. What is the take of awareness of the respondents on the avocation selected Philippine Independent directs in terms of 2.1, (2009) Last Supper No. 32.2, (2010) milk shake Kang Titingin2.3, (2011) Ang Babae sa putrefacient Tank2.4 (2012) passkey?3. What is the level of awareness of the respondents in the selected Philippine Independent films in the traits and messages as notice in terms of 3.1, Nationalism3.2, Social Reality3.3, Freedom of Expression3.4, Exploitation of penury3.5 Homosexuality?Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework for the psychoanalyze on the level of awareness on selected Philippine Independents scuds of AB commun ication students aim of Awareness to Selected Philippine Independent Films-Construction of questionnaire regarding Philippine Independent films. -Distribution of questionnaires-Collection data-Interpretation of the gather dataSelected Philippine Independent Films Last Supper No. 32009 Wag Kang Titingin2010 Ang Babae sa Septic Tank2011-Victor2012Significance of the StudyThe result of this study will be beneficial to the following AB communion students. The study would greatly scratch them since this is more than related to the topics that will be discussed in their course. The study would garter them to be critical in thinking and be a good observant on what is happening around them most oddly to the industry that they will be engaged to in the future. This would furthermore apologize things that should be taken consideration of.Film Industry. This study will help in creating good impressions on how film should showcase the society through and through fanciful, sensible, fai r and intelligent representation.Film Producers. This would help them on how they should be keenly aware and honorable in producing films. The study would remind them on the impact, operate and effect of their films to the viewers as perceived by colloquy students. in store(predicate) Film Producers. This study would roll them noesis and understanding on how to be creative and critical in producing independent films. This will provide them insights on ethical standards, limitations and violations when it comes to the following issues being discussed in relation to the themes of movies produced.Future researchers. This study will be useful to the future researchers who would conduct a homogeneous study in a larger scope, because this could be a direction of an additional source and baseline data to explain further ethicalissues regarding Philippine Independent Films as perceived by AB Communication Students. This research, likewise, may serve as a reference for future studies. I f needed, the results of the study can be verified and tested. Researchers. The would be an opportunity for them to utilize the knowledge they have learned from their study since they would be a part of the throng media world in the future. This would serve as their basis of practice if they will be inclined on the field of media, occurrencely, the film industry.Definition of scatheThe following terms were defined operationally and conceptually AB Communication Students- It pertained to the bonafide students enrolled in the course, Bachelor of Arts in Communication major in broadcasting which presents opportunities for writers, performers and producers. Ang Babae sa Septic Tank- 2011 Cinemalayas trump Film in the near Length category. Directed by Marlon Rivera. A harlequinade about mistaken ambitions, the art of making art and the romanticization of poverty. Awareness- It is defined in the study as the level of knowledge or being mindful on authoritative subject, issues, sit uation and others.Cinemalaya- A film competition and festival that aims to march on the creation of new cinematic full treatment by Filipino film possessrs works that boldly articulate and freely interpret the Filipino experience with recent insight and artistic integrity. Film- Also called a movie or doubtfulness picture, is a story conveyed with moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or ocular effects. respectable Length Film- According to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, American Film Institute, and British Film Institute, a characteristic film runs for 40 minutes or longer.Last Supper No. 3- 2009 Cinemalayas Best Film in the Full Length category. Directed by Sherwin Dayoc. Based on a true story, Last Supper No. 3 is a dry look at the circuitous path our legal system takes to justice.Mainstream Cinema- defined as commercial films that are do by major recreation studio s or companies that are owned by international media conglomerates. Philippine Independent Films- Also known as indie films canbe in a form of short or full-length cinema which expresses self-expression and creativity different from mainstream cinema. goldbrick Feature Film- A short film is some(prenominal) film not long enough to be considered a feature film. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as an original motion picture that has a running snip of 40 minutes or less, including all credits.Victor- 2012 Cinemalayas Best Film in Short Feature category . Directed by Jarell M. Serencio. A film that showed glaring realities of faith, beliefs, etc. and how Filipinos and foreigners embrace the tradition of Semana Santa (holy week) as an attraction to this town. Wag Kang Titingin . 2010 Cinemalayas Best Film in Short Feature Category .Directed by Pam Miras. The film was about a girls attempt beyond death and destruction to maintain for her jr. sister a semblance of peace and order amid so much violence and conflict that seems to reflect todays Filipinos.CHAPTER 2 canvas OF RELATED LITERATUREThe researchers have found the following studies and literature pertinent to the study being proposed. The review of the literature for this study focuses on the level of awareness on selected Philippine Independent Films of AB Communication students enormousness of Demographic ProfileAccording to Gauntlett (2002), media and communications are central component of modern life, whilst age and gender remain at the core of how people think of their identities. With media containing images and messages about men, women and their sexuality, it is very likely that they have a great impact on peoples sense of identity. Age and gender are variables that affect exposure and perception according to the study conducted by Linda M. Woolf, PhD. The study states that old(a) people perceive more negatively than smaller people and females move to absor b more from media than males.Independent FilmsAs an art form, independent film is a great tool to express advocacies to their viewers for common awareness. Filipino independent filmmakers are steadily festering and are likely to keep up to do so by virtue of itsfacility for innovation, diversity and originality. Whether they are about social commentary, political statement, psychological study, or keen insights into valet de chambre relationships, all of these topics represent controversial subjects that are catered to feed the consultation intelligent hunger (Mon-alon, 2011).San Diego (2010) stated that 2009 was a watershed year for local independent films. Based on cinemalaya.org, from year 2009 to 2012, the following films have been awarded by Cinemalaya as Best FilmsA. Last Supper No. 3Won the Best Film in full- length category on 2009. It is based on a true story about a humorous look at the circuitous path our legal system takes to justice. Assistant Production agent Wi lson Naawa is tasked to look for a Last Supper to use as prop up for a television commercial. He finds trio, but loses the one owned by Gareth Pugeda. B. Wag Kang TitinginA film directed by Pam Miras bagged the top impairment in Cinemalaya 2010. The story is about a father and his two young daughters who travel through a war-torn area. The father explains to his eldest wherefore they need to shield the youngest from what is really happening around them. The eldest at last understands and vows to protect her sister. C. Ang Babae sa Septic TankWon the Best Film in the year 2011 in full-length category. It was also chosen as the consultation Choice Award, Best Direction by Marlon Rivera and Best Performance of an Actress awarded to Eugene Domingo. Ang Babae sa Septic Tank chronicles a day in a life of three ambitious but misguided filmmakers as they set out to do a quick pre-prod at Starbucks. They believe that they have a lovable script, the energy and the drive to make to make their dreams come true. This is a comedy about misguided ambitions, the art of making art and romanticization of poverty. D. VictorThe Best Film under short feature category in Cinemalya 2012 directed by Jarell M. Sarencio. It is a story about life as a big show. For ten long years, Victor religiously offers himself to be nailed on the cross everyHoly Week. Like other people, this has been a long time panata for he believes that God will forgive him for all and grant petitions after crucifying himself on the cross.Awareness to Philippine Independent FilmsIndependent films are gaining widespread attention these days. Every day Filipinos alike fatality their stories told through a different lens and through films made with creativity beyond the demands of commerce. To students, indie films are an eye opener, giving youth a better appreciation and understanding for art. It gives an interest about the realities of our society and the creative execution in cinematography, video editing by our local filmmakers. On the other hand, Communications graduate Ogy Yap added, There have been efforts to give awareness to Independent cinema, but these have not been successful. Robinsons Galleria has give a theatre for independent cinema, but ticket sales are less than impressive. The duration of the films showing is also not as long as those in the mainstream world. (Gonzales and Libre, 2012).SynthesisWhen the indie fever swept the movie industry, corresponding weak points interlaced with it. People involved in the indie trend are not really concerned about their subjects or the theme they are just vehicles to fame and fortune. Poverty, homosexuality, prostitution, the underworld, life in the margins are the usual topics of indie films. These themes and subjects are exploited to the fullest not for social transformation or for the benefit of the poor, the deprived, the oppressed or the marginalized but in order to make it. This is called poverty porn the exploitation o f poverty and its effects, press it to the last drop for money and glory (The passing(a) Guardian, 2012).Aside from the poverty porn issues of Philippine Independent Films, pink films are generally accept today as erotic films produced by independent production companies for specialized sex film theatres. The low-budget pink films were produced quickly to be shown outdoor(a) the mainstream venues of exhibition. This provided the opportunity for a few interested filmmakers touse their pink films to make ironic political commentaries on the contemporary social situation (Nochimson, 2010). Independent cinemas biggest advantage is the uniqueness that can be observed in their films.Local mainstream films depict almost the same stories, (or copied plot from an international film), the same themes (mostly romance), and the same actors. This is because mainstream cinema would stick to what the masa wants. There is no live for change. It is independent cinemas biggest advantage becaus e each directors creativity will be showcased. People would most likely research in to something new like these independent films, rather than watching local mainstream which is not that exciting anymore because it lacks originality.Another advantage of independent films is that it gives way to new breed of artistic and creative filmmakers. New breed of directors can express fresh ideas in making their films. Independent cinemas give their audience something to look forward to different style, different genre, and new actors.. Through the growing support for these independent films, viewers of independent films can support, encourage, and recognize empower Filipino independent filmmakers. Many of these independent films have already been recognized internationally (Anglo, et.al, 2011).CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGYThis chapter presents the rule and procedures that were apply in this study, it discusses the research design, the respondents, research locale and instrumentations to be used. Data gathering procedures and statistical depth psychology of data was also presented.Research DesignThis study has used the descriptive method. The researchers also utilized a self-made hatful questionnaire. The method involves the description, recording, analytic thinking and interpretation on the perception of a certain group of students. It includes the following processes induction analysis, classification, enumeration, measurement and assessment of data (Manuel & Masinda, 2008). The survey has focused on the gathering of data concerning the respondents awareness on selected Philippine Independent Films from 2009-2012. The survey ascertained the messages, traits and characteristics present on Philippine Independent Films. Furthermore, the ABCommunication students were the respondents since they are the major recipients of this study.Research InstrumentsThe researchers have used the research method opinion polls to test the knowledge of the target audience regarding the select ed Philippine Independent Films from 2009-2012. An opinion poll is designed to represent the opinions of a tribe by conducting a series of questions and then extrapolating generalities in ratio. It is a showcase of survey that deals on the perspective of the audience on a certain topic and designed to discover the attitudes and behaviours of an individual. The questions are consisting of lists of possible responses which are analyzed. The results are usually given as partings of those expressing opinion on a particular question (Asher, 1998). after the survey, the tallying has been administered by the researchers to gather sufficient data that made the research more reliable and precise.Statistical Analysis of Data relative frequency DistributionThe researchers have used the frequency distribution in summarizing how very much different scores occur based on the answers by the respondents on each number of the questionnaire. It is one way of organizing the data needed in the stud y so that the researchers can interpret it in a visual way. In the study, the answers of the respondents were tallied and thus, this frequency distribution summarized the gathered data that determined the level of awareness on selected Philippine Independent Films of AB Communication students. After gathering the total responses for each item, the researchers have used the contribution look in determining the percentage scores of the responses to the questionnaire (www. ivythesis.typepad.com, 2012).This has given the total percentage for the level of awareness on selected Philippine Independent Films and the occurrence of the enumerated traits or messages on the said genre of film. n% = x 100n- total no. of responsesNN- total no. of respondentsx 100The figuring was% =_no. of students who have/ have not watched any Philippine Independent Film Q 1_Total no. of respondentsx 100% =_no. of students who are highly aware/aware/slightly aware/not aware Qs 2, 3_Total no. of respondents1 6-1819-2122-2425 and aboveThe demographic profile of the respondents was also computed using the Percentage Formula. The bracket for age wasThe pie chart or circle graph was used to show the breakdowns or component parts of whole categorical variables (socrates.bmcc.cuny.edu, 2012).BooksBlade, W. (Ed.) (1998). Polling and the public what every citizen should know. Public Opinion (4th ed., p.25). Washington, D.C. CQ Press. Corrigan, T. & While, P. (2008). The Film Experience. An Introduction (2nd Edition, p.442-445). Bedford St. Martins publishing. Foss, K. & Littlejohn S. (2008). Theories of tender-hearted Communication (9th ed., p. 230). Belmont, the States Thomson Wadsworth. Galt, R. & Schoonover, K. (2010). Global Art Cinema New Theories and Histories, 48-53. USA Oxford University Press. Gauntlett, D. (2002). Media, gender and identity. London Anthony Rowe, Ltd. Maslog, C. (2008). Philippine Communication Today, 275, The University of Michigan New Daily Publishers. Nochimson, M . (2010). World on Film, 228,231. United Kingdom Blackwells publishing. ThesisSzabo, C. (2010, may 26). Independent, mainstream and in between how and why indie films have become their own genre. Honors College Theses, 5-6, 24. New York Pace University InternetCircle Graphs or Pie Charts. Retrieved September 11, 2012, from http//socrates.bmcc.cuny.edu/cpe/circle_pie.html Gonzales, N. & Libre, B. (2012, idealistic 25). Retrieved September 08, 2012, from http//thelasallian.com/2012/08/25/independent-films-art-for-all/. Manuel, E. & Masinda, R. (2008, July 22). Retrieved September 11,2012, from http//www.slideshare.net/japorto/descriptive-method. Onscreen Asia (2009, March 01) .Retrieved sniffy 05, 2012, from http//www.onscreenasia.com/article/philippine-indie-films-make-headway/4992. The Daily Guardian (2012, September 18). Retrieved August 31,2012, from http//www.thedailyguardian.net/index.php/local-news-8/1728-poverty-porn. Thinking Made Easy (2012, August 11). Retrieved Sept 11, 2012, from http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2012/08/research-proposal-on1.html