Derek Walcott Uses Poetry to Explore Themes of Ethnicity Essay

I agree with the fact that Walcott uses verse line to research themes of ethni city, cultural flag waving and policy-making inequality. However, these arent the only themes we find in his poetry. He excessively makes use of themes such as life and death and morality. Sea Canes is nonpareil of the rimes which includes the themes mentioned above.In Sea Canes the poet is represent notice a embellish in which he can divulge sea canes and animals, all(prenominal) of this in a miserable automated teller machine Half of my friends are stagnant. Here he also mentions religion and disagrees with it by stating that religion is not necessary to respect the dead. He prefers to remember them exactly how they were, instead of see dead flock as something magic and much nobler than the alive. As he looks to the early(a) side of the sea canes he views a boundary between the humankind of the living and the humanity of the dead. He metaphorically says that the owls act as us human s leaving the world of the living to enter the mystical world of the dead.In The Hawk we can posit clear examples of ethnicity, cultural chauvinism and the confrontation between western and Caribbean culture. Here he mentions the carnival in Trinidad, and says that the only ones that should understand it are the locals. Later in the poem, Walcott mentions the ethnicity and the races of the sight at the carnival. The negroes, bastards, mestizos, proud of their Spanish line of credit, all the people with mixed bloodline who are proud of their Spanish blood, not their native blood. Here Walcott is referring to the colonial great powers and their endless control over the Caribbean population. He also compares the Yucatan peninsula with Trinidad. He states that Yucatan has a magnificent landscape while Trinidad has been destroyed during colonialism. Walcott describes the natives as toothless tigers, erst powerful and strong that now nothing more than a big defenseless cat Cari bs, standardized toothless tigers. Here we can think cultural chauvinism, throughout The Hawk he criticizes colonialism by describing its consequences and shows an enormous patriotism for the Caribbean islands. pull up J contains also contains themes of cultural chauvinism and life and death. He starts the poem by describing his house in Saint Lucia. He describes the beautiful landscape, nature and the surrounding found in the Caribbean. He subliminally compares the western landscape with the one in the Caribbean, exaggerating the beauty of the equatorial islands compared with Europe. He unexpectedly makes a stand change and commences to talk about his dead friend Gregorias. He describes him very(prenominal) stormily and compares him with famous painters from the renaissance brown cherubs of Giotto and Masaccio, which makes us assume he was a magnificent painter. He feels tremendous affection for him and his death, as he tells us, has dramatically changed Walcotts life.The tr avel is another poem which describes Walcotts pang due to the loss of friends. Here he talks about his first wife. He used to walk with her up the hills, until the twenty-four hours she fell ill You were weak and lame, So you never came. She then had other interests and at long last when she died, Walcott felt completely alone. He repeatedly expresses his grief of having lost his beloved wife and declares that now that shes dead, these walks are very different for him.The Bright Field is a further illustration of cultural patriotism and the inconformity of the European culture. The poem begins in capital of the United Kingdom introducing us to a man steeled against the power of London. Probably the man is Walcott himself, criticizing the citizens and the city. He says that the city is depressing and most of the time people are found in cemeteries or in the underground. In the second dissever he talks about the British Empire, the empire that their sun that would not bunch was going down the largest empire in history was now diminishing and weak. This poem is again about Walcotts cultural past and the former colonial powers that once inhabited his islands.I agree that Derek Walcott uses his poetry to explore ethnicity, cultural chauvinism and political inequality, he also talks a lot about the colonial twine of the British and the French had on the western hemisphere Indies. Death appears frequently too reminding us that his personal life also plays an significant role in his poetry.

'Love Is Not the Destructive Force in Romeo and Juliet\r'

' drive in is non the unhealthful repulse in Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespe be, is considered one of the greatest have it off tragedies of all time. It is a snitch about deuce young cacoethesrs, whose hit the sack was destined for closing from the beginning because of the shun  amidst the cardinal families, Montagues and Capulets. The force that leads to this destruction abominate and lust, as opposed to have it off. unmatched of the forces that leads to destruction in Romeo and Juliet is hate. Hate is a destructive force, when it maintains stronger that have sex.Hate killed Romeo and Juliet, and their love. It did this through the feud between the two families. The two teenagers were killed because they kept onerous to go around the feuding between their families and go on with their lives. Here they had underestimated hate, which is also a very strong force, when given into it. In this case the Montegues and Capulets gave into th eir hate for one a nonher. An deterrent display case of why hate is destructive and non love is a point in act 3, scene one. Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt because they are straight cousins.He says: â€Å"I love thee go bad that thou grassst devise, Till thou shalt know the reason of my love, And so, good Capulet, which name I tender As Dearly as mine own, be satisfied”. This is an litigate out of love. Tybalt is furious and, when challenged by Mercutio, kills him. This revives Romeo’s hate. He says: â€Å"Away to heaven various(prenominal) lenity, And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now! ” This makes him kill Tybalt. These are actions out of hate. then the force that keeps from destroying here is love, and the destructive force is hate. Also, when love turns into lust, this raft be destructive. luxuria can be a destructive force, because when stilt are control by lust, their actions get impulsive and hasty. This causes them to not think aright about what they do. That the actions of Romeo and Juliet are occasionally driven by lust, can be seen for example because Romeo wants Juliet yet when he has only hardly met her. The very first time that Romeo sees Juliet, he says: â€Å"Oh, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the brass section of night, Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear, Beauty in any case rich for use, for earth too dear.So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows, As yonder lady oer her fellows shows. The measure done, I’ll watch her place of stand, And, get hold ofing hers, make blessed my rude hand. Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I neer saw legitimate beauty till this night. ” He does not know her from the inside, but already wants to touch her because she is so beautiful on the outside. Lust destroys because this makes Romeo and Juliet act impulsive. When Romeo hears that Juliet died, he acts impulsive, and goes to her to kill himself.He does not think clearly the fact that he didn’t get news from beggar Lawrence, and also not about his love for his family. So lust is a destructive force when it overrules love. Furthermore, in Romeo and Juliet, love is not a force that destroys. When love overpowers hate, it is a source of happiness and welfare. There are many scenes in the play where love is a source of pacification and happiness. Firstly, the love that Romeo and Juliet share lifts Romeo from his sadness over Rosaline. He states to Friar Lawrence â€Å"I have forgot that name, and that names woefulness”.This love makes Romeo happy rather of destroying him. live on itself brings good things with it. Love reconciles the two feuding families, the Capulets and Montagues who have been bitter enemies. During the story, love faces harder and harder challenges. At the end of the novel, the love of Romeo and Juliet is destroyed because hate has overpowered love. But at that same effect love overpowers h ate because Capulet and Montague make peace with each other after seeing that their children were so in love with each other that they sacrificed their lives for one another.This leads to construction, and not destruction, because the families get out now work together instead of destroying one another. To conclude, love is a healthy force but not a destructive one. What is destructive is hate and lust. When hate and lust overpower love, this destroys. This is seen when the hate of the two feuding families leads to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. When love overpowers hate and lust it can create new opportunities, such as the ending of the feud between the families.\r\n'

'Discriminate Against Race\r'

'AbstractThe issues of inc business line and gender, and more precisely the issues of equal rights for every adept regardless of race and gender, continue to be moot and never fully addressed. While weapons platforms uniform Affirmative Action have seek to provide equal opportunity, they have failed because of one main issue- if it is injustice to discriminate against racial minorities and women on the account of their race or sex, then it similarly unjust to croak them preference for the same reason.This es cite depart prove this statement by demonstrate specific examples of how preferential interference increases instead than decreases the importance of race and gender in American society. Basically, there are 3 main reasons why preferential treatment makes racial and gender differences important instead of eliminating them. First, preferential treatment gives the appearance that nonage genders or races are inferior and take up to be given expediency non on their me rit or ability, provided on their membership in a certain stem (Cohen & Sterba, 2003), truly putting them at a larger disadvantage.Second, there is the issue of reverse discrimination, which fundamentally means that by giving advantage to the minority, the majority is discriminated against in the long run. Lastly, the cookery of programs like Affirmative Action and others constrain divisions between minority groups themselves, as separately group vies for advantage over the others, which puts the minorities with the smallest total at the biggest disadvantage, as their voice cannot be heard clearly enough.Perhaps the bottom line in racial/gender discrimination, ironically enough, is that true equality can probably never be realized, for one group will always come up with less than another if a program exists to provide advantages which are not rigorously merit based. In closing, it is fair to say that until a â€Å"magic bullet” is demonstrable for true equality, the scales will always be askew.\r\n References\r\nCohen, C., & Sterba, J. P. (2003). Affirmative Action and racial Preference: A Debate. New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n'

'Has the development of Human Resource Management practices replaced the need for trade unions Essay\r'

'According to Phelan (2007, pp. 45-47), mickle unions were the roughly right arrangings after the industrial revolution. During the 19th and twentieth century, watchfulness was largely mechanistic and the military posture of workers was not felt unless the force of the numbers pool was employed. As a result, the membership to the mete go forth unions increased steadily to 1979 after which a sharp decline is b ar. During the 20th century, Donna, Stephen and Roderick (2007, p. 832) enshroud that over one third of e actu onlyy(prenominal) employees belonged to deal come out of the closet unions by 1979 before declining shrewdly o 13. % by year 2000. In their hear, Gurpreet (2007, p. 85) and Hearnshaw (2007, p. 76) argue that the exchange unions decline is an distinction of the little period that change moldiness be embraced to bring on hugeer respect of the production systems. According to Tove, Hammer and Bayazit (2009, pp. 405-406), the unions lacked the require d sensitivity to their members and held their views towards salaries and job security only.\r\n down the stairs this model, unions croaked to recognize the fact that if employees were guaranteed what the unions provided, they would lack their value. From their view menstruation, Coca-Stefaniak, Hallsworth and Bainbridge (2005, pp. 361-363) argue that plow unions’ mandates lacked be overhear ex stupefy and therefore kept overlapping between political delineations to employees protection. Consequently, many leaders employ them to settle political scores and stepping stones to power. Indeed, Marlow (2006, p. 54) points an accusatory finger to this vagueness in exe discounting their mandates that employees want to distance themselves.\r\nA study marvel that a formulates at this point is what is indeed the future day of the unions? Though many analysts appear to cancel answering the question directly, Pencavel (2003, p. 21) and Blanden and Machin (2003, pp. 121-122) su ggest that the unions impart indeed not fully die, scarcely resilience of their roles result be evident when study(ip) problems occur. Comparison of tender resources managements and cope unions Comparison of throw gentleman resources and commerce unions brings out the picture of two negating forces simply ge ard towards achieving the same objectives.\r\nTo begin with, switch unions were run politically and therefore come to a very wide spectrum of employees they dealt with. As a result, gill (2009, pp. 41-42) explains it was very threatening to address the demands of the different members with ease. On the other hand, mankind resources management is a enlighten defined by clear cut professional outline that have pick up objectives. Redman and Wilkinson (2009, p. 121) explain that apart from this clear objectivity, humanity resources managers have a narrower spectrum, for instance, one telephoner or institution, which makes it easier to address concerns of their s ubjects.\r\nThe approach and context of trade unions as Marchington and Wilkinson (2005, p. 114) pointed out in their study, was based on a free-enterprise(a) model that was viewed as a major achievement for specific leaders. As a result, other options were locked out; a circumstance that created controversy with economists and political elites. Marchington and Wilkinson (2005, p. 117) further point out that human resources managers consider conflicts to be critical aspects that must be turn to carefully in defining a break-dance relationship and ultimately extensiveer productiveness.\r\nThough Jose and Fernando (2002, pp. 181-182), use of the term ‘ competitory’ when referring to trade unions has received sharp criticism, it is possibly the correct term. Trade unions main manner of addressing conflicts was use of strikes and demonstrations. As a result, they resulted to great losses to particular institutions, companies and even nations. serviceman resources m anagers however, balance between critical human qualifications, existing infrastructure and overall returns as dictated by the demand and proviso of resulting products.\r\nGill (2009, pp. 41-42) therefore concurs with Marlow (2006, p. 78) that everybody has his own break and stands a better chance of move on with ease. Modern roles of human resources a) Staffing and selection The roles of human resources have over the years changed with the rebellion demand to view employees as a responsive system as oppose to a rigid consideration Farber and westbound (2002, pp. 398-399) explains that this role therefore creates a likable platform that proactively addresses mention problems that necessitated the need for trade unions.\r\nStaffing and selection is done on the fundament of merits; a consideration that give employees great security both locally and internationally. By conducting effective selection, the employees do not olfaction threatened, but are given a chance to improve on their skills which the organization they work for strongly struggles to retain duration others remain opportunistic to outsource (Blanden and Machin, 2003, pp. 126-127). Unions are therefore rendered less essential as job security is indeed very high and payments highly sustainable. ) Rewarding wages and motivation management To concur with Gill (2009, p. 90) conclusion, poor rewarding systems formed the pedestal of unions in the mid-twentieth century. At this time well-nigh production were privately owned, but most significantly, they lacked effective competition to trigger better compensation and motivation of their workers. Human resources managements’ superlative roles are indeed to assess performance, get the needed improvement efforts and most importantly reward the best performers.\r\nIn his possible action of human needs, Robert Maslow argued that when employees are guaranteed the needed aptitude for progression towards self actualization, other systems ar e easily foregone (Gill, 2009, p. 48). Unlike the trade unions that provided only raising the salaries, human resources create a roadmap for sustainability; a factor that Brewster (2004, p. 371) imply directly disrupts their consideration for unionization. c) Employee’s phylogeny and modelling When refereeing to the current reserve of trade unions roles with human resources management, one cannot fail to focus on the modelling and suppuration roles.\r\nThough trade unions train their members on different aspects of their relationship with their seniors and the employers, great attribute as Jose and Fernando (2002, p. 189), suggests, is given to human resources managements. As indicated earlier, trade unions lack the necessary specificity on their members who are highly diverse. Due to their smaller nature of operation, human resources have turn out to be more effective in that employees are continuously modelled with close watchfulness with an aim of improving their place in an organization.\r\nJose and Fernando (2002, pp. 188-190) add that modelling sets a clear role model and a expressed roadmap to follow in addressing their concerns and issues. d) Negotiating and change management Unlike during the period of the trade unions, negotiations have taken a central position for all the employees. Brewster (2004, p. 368) explains that human resources management eliminates key bureaucracies and therefore brings the employees closer to the top leadership.\r\nFurthermore, human resources management relieves teamwork to encourage involvement of all the workers in negotiating their views in an organization. To infer greater need for negotiations, Coca-Stefaniak et al (2005, pp. 366-367) argue that inborn and external change agents often see changes towards improving the welfare of the employees and ultimate productivity of the company. As a result, the need for trade unions to create either a rise in payments or even meliorate working conditions do es not arise. Counterarguments In his view, Phelan (2007, pp. 4-75) suggests that trade unions roles will remain critical in spite of the current decline. He further points out that though many workers have shifted from the trade unions; their need will always be rekindled during the periods of major crisis. During the 2007-2008 financial crises, many workers turn to trade unions for protection of their jobs. Pencavel (2003, p. 25) cites the political mental disturbance in reducing the relevance of the unions. As a result, strength of trade unions will always recur when new political elites with favouring views rise to power.\r\nHowever, the two counterarguments fail to do it the great advancements in technology that facilitate easier detection of workplace problems, faster communion and precise assessment that assists in making the correct decisions to avoid major issues (Hearnshaw, 2007, p. 69). culmination and recommendations From the above discussion, this paper supports t he thesis statement, ‘the critical roles played by human resources managements that greatly satisfies the customers, improves their earnings, secures their employment, and maintains the correct organization cultures have increasingly replaced the need for trade unions. Trade unions came out as strong movements that were very vibrant during the 20th century when clear professionalism lacked in running businesses and organizations. Human resources management came in with great specialization that is highly proactive and employees driven; a consideration that surpassed the major roles of the unions. However, counterarguments presented in the discussion are consecutive and their roles will often recur during periods of major crisis in organizations.\r\n'

'Brief Biography and their Styles\r'

'Born in 1905, Christian Dior was a French ca utilize whose indispensableness to be a invent inventer was in his blood. His grandpa, Louis-Jean Dior, first collapseed the Dior fortune, although it was nothing related to stylus. The grandfather established the business of producing char from oxidized root and beca role importing guano from Chile and Peru. The business was then expanded by the cousins Lucien and Maurice Dior, the latter being Christian Dior’s father (Pochna 8). His m other(a) who was the most influential person in his life; he was never interested of his father’s work.Madeleine, his mother, longed for beautiful things to set for the â€Å"less appealing nature of her husband’s profession” (Pochna 12). heretoforetually, Christian analyze political information at Paris and created costumes for the annual carnivals back at his homet proclaim. But his journey to success was not still sailing. His mother died, the family’s bus iness went broke, and Christian positive tuberculosis. It was only in 1946 when he was given a break to be a designer (â€Å"Christian Dior’s opportunity”). The name Christian Dior became ane of the top-of-the-line brands in the fashion world.Today, he is kn deliver for introducing a accrual of feminine fit out with soft travel shapes, flowing skirts, and nipped-in waists. He envisioned macrocosms that are â€Å"luxurious, twee and rattling womanly. ” For this reason, he won the hearts of almost(prenominal) women around the world (â€Å"Christian Dior’s Luck”). In addition, Dior is cognize for creating wonderful trick upes called â€Å"Venus” and â€Å"Junon. ” Jeanne Lanvin The stratum 1867 witnessed the birth of another future couturiere. Despite poverty, Jeanne Lanvin lift to being a famed designer. At the juvenility age of 16, she larn how to make hats.Later on, she conducted an on-the-job instruction at Suzanne Talbot’s fashion ho handling and became a young milliner. Her training taught her the right skills in dressmaking. after a few days, Lanvin set up horse barn to sell her hats. Later on, she opened her very own boutique. She became famous among Parisian mothers when she do a dress for her sister and her niece. Lanvin created dresses with charming pleats and trimmed with English embroidery (Sanderson). Lanvin likewise became famous for the â€Å"robes de name” clothing, characterized with penny-pinching waists and beat skirts. Her creations were to be the precursors of Christian Dior’s â€Å"New pure tone” creations.In addition, she was besides known for the â€Å"la chemise” dress. This was to belong the â€Å"basic silhouette” for the 19th and 20th centuries. In addition, Lanvin was known for intriguing designs, such as her Riviera collection which featured Aztec-inspired embroidery. In 1922, her collection was added with a  "Breton” suit. It consisted of a gathered skirt with a short and weave jacket. The jacket, in turn, has many a(prenominal) tiny buttons and boasted a whitened organdy collar. The suit as well came with a straw hat hat (de Mesterton). Lanvin’s creations were in demand among actresses and royal personalities.Many multitude want the way Lanvin designed her creations with embroidery, beading, and use of exotic embellishments. Not only these, but Lanvin in any case make sure that her dresses were of high quality. Additionally, she believed that women should wear raiment that are colorful and feminine. She created dresses with empire-waists, sleeves that were long and flowing, billowing skirts, and tight waists. She made use of luxurious fabrics in her creations and combine ruffles, lace, flowers, beading, and ribbons. The Lanvin trend was also known to make use of applique, parallel stitching, and embroidery (de Mesterton).Madeleine Vionnet Madeleine Vionnet was another French designer born on 1876. Just like Lanvin, Vionnet learned from an early age the skills of dressmaking. When she was 11, she became an apprentice of a seamstress. By the age of 19, she became a premiere d’atelier. In 1902, she entered the hearthstone of Callot Soeurs and learned to make dresses through â€Å"impeovizational draping. ” A few years later, she became a designer at the House of Doucet. This was where Vionnet was inspired to make clothes for uncorsetted bodies (Bissonnette). Vionnet worked for many dressmakers in London and Paris before entranceway her own house in 1912.She revolutioned the world of fashion when she developed the preconceived idea cut, characterized as sleek and lithesome style. The bias cut enabled the clothing to cling to the trunk like a second skin. With this creation, Vionnet became famous, and many people would praise the way she combined geometry and anatomy to her dresses. Vionnet was also known to pay close attent ion to the spiritualist and fabric she used. Furthermore, Vionnet took advantage of the knowledge that the body is a three-dimensional entity. Thus, she developed techniques such as pleating, twisting, cutting, tucking, neglige and looping fabric (Bissonnette).In addition, Vionnet made use of the bias cut by creating garments that did not use corsets and narrowing undergarments. She was a popular designer in the thirty-something when she introduced garments that sensually cling to the body. These creations were inspired by chivalrous styles including Greek and Roman. Aside from the famous bias cut, Vionnet was also the mastermind behind the creation of cowl neck, hankey dress, and the halter top (â€Å"Vionnet, Madeleine”). Vionnet was different from other designers in such a way that her creations were hard to copy.This was because she was terror-stricken that others would copy her style and sell them cheaply (Condra 124). original Stiebel In the fashion world, Victor Stiebel is known for creating romanticistic evening night-robes and flawless tailoring. This was later became Stiebel’s mite as a designer. Born in 1907, Stiebel studied architecture at Cambridge where he designed the costumes for a theatrical presentation. In 1927, the Victoria & Albert had ii of Stiebel’s designs. One featured a faint and white evening dress in Garconne style. The other one was a black and silver gown with an appliqued snake from hem to bodice (Conekin 147).Two years later, Stiebel trained at Reville where he learned the skills for creating evening garments. Three years was enough for Stiebel to fully learn the necessary skills for haute couture (Conekin 147). He opened his very own house in 1932. Despite the â€Å"diminishing role of the court dressmaker,” Stiebel chose to establish himself on this line. Surprisingly, his creations were acclaimed. Many considered his garments as â€Å"very spectacular creations. ” In additi on, the simple evening gowns he made were praised as â€Å"particularly suited to the Englishwoman’s figure.” Stiebel was also famous for cleverly using pleats and draperies that defined the body. His jot was then known to be the artful use of striped fabrics (Conekin 148). Not only were these Stiebel’s creations that garnered praises from fashion magazines. He was admired for featuring slender cut and patterned printed dresses. Specifically, Stiebel created an Empire line dress made from huitre satin which featured a silver-edged train. He also proven to be a resourceful and imaginative designer. He designed clothes that were appropriate for the season (Conekin 148).In 1942, Stiebel, along with other designers, founded the Incorporated Society of London trend Designers. The organization aimed to represent the interests of London fashion designers. During this time, some of Stiebel’s creations were gown in flowing Grecian styles made of silk jersey. H e also designed and created a black gown with ostrich feathers trimmings. Many of his other designs were featured on fashion magazines (Conekin 151). Pauline Trigere Pauline Trigere is another Paris-born designer who rose to fame because of her own style in designing and creating clothes.She migrated to the unite States and became an American citizen in the 1940s. She was the daughter of a tailor, and she longed to be a professional in the fashion world. Before opening her own house in 1942, Trigere worked for other design houses in New York. Armed with the skills she learned from her father and from the design houses, she created 11 dresses which her brother sold. Her clothes were sold because the boutiques liked the way Trigere created them (Ward & Ferguson). Her clothes were famously known for being feminine-fitting.Aside from this, the wealthy and famous personalities liked her style of exquisite tailoring. Trigere also made use of very expensive materials, thus driving the prices of her creations higher. One of her famous creations was the wardrobe of Patricia Neal in â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany’s” (Ward & Ferguson). Trigere is known for many things, one of which is the creation of the first reversible coat. Coats were her most recognized garment, and she made various styles. She was also known for creating sleeveless coats and coats featuring detachable scarves. She also included her trademark turtle pins among her clothes (Ward & Ferguson).Additionally, Trigere was known for directly turning sketches into dresses because she herself did not know how to sketch. But this was not a outrage for the creative designer. What Trigere did was to â€Å"cut and drape from bolts of fabric” (Nemy 1). Even after death, Trigere is praised by her peers for beingan intellectual designer and reason of timeless fashion (Nemy 1). Works Cited Bissonnette, Anne. 2001. Vionnet. Kent State University Museum. 27 April 2009 <http://dept. ken t. edu/museum/exhibit/vionnet/main. htm>. â€Å"Christian Dior’s Luck. ” 2007. Articlesbase. 27 April 2009 <http://www. articlesbase.com/art-and-entertainment-articles/christian-diors-luck-254390. hypertext mark-up language>. Condra, Jill. The Greenwood encyclopedia of clothing through world history. United States: Greenwood Publishing group, 2008. Conekin, Becky. The Englishness of English Dress. England: Berg Publishers, 2002. De Mesterton, M-J. 2008. History of the House of Lanvin. Elegant Survival. 27 April 2009 <http://www. elegantsurvival. net/elegantcultureandtravel. htm>. Nemy, Enid. 2002. Pauline Trigere, 93, precedent of American Styles, Dies. The New York Times. 27 April 2009 <http://www. nytimes. com/2002/02/15/nyregion/pauline-trigere-93-exemplar-of-american-style-dies. hypertext mark-up language>.\r\n'

'A View of Strategic Hrm in a New Zealand Corporate\r'

'| strategical HRM It’s More Than reasonable a policy| A view of strategic HRM in a New Zealand Corporate| | Glenn Dun bay window †0705186| 11/8/2011| | *NB: Something, Something Else, Something Else 2, alfresco, Thingy, Doublecheck and Hirethem atomic number 18 any pseudonyms. Executive Summary: In this root I aim to highlight the splendour of ensuring that all aspects of the strategical HRM policy of an institution argon functioning. This will enable the fundamental law to gain the level best benefit from its investment in HRM and the resulting motivated and engage employees.\r\nJob satisfaction is related to refinement efficacy, charge support, surgery appraisal followup, rewards, organisatioanl facilitation and clarity of goals; ( lee(prenominal) C, 1991). To be telling in any Strategic HRM policy an system of rules non nevertheless has to â€Å"Talk the Talk’ they set approximately to mark they â€Å"Walk the Walk” right drink t o the perceived terminal levels of the incorporated ladder. The corporate I was employed at more of disco biscuit than non had a in truth undecomposed Strategic HRM system; unfortunately thither were issues with its execution in whatsoever parts of the business.\r\nI will highlight three aras in my familiarity as a disembowel handler where the discussion section I was in was less than adequate at â€Å"Walking the Walk”, and the effect I mat this had on my police squad’s capital punishment in the tombstone atomic number 18as of goal setting, proceeding concern and individual(prenominal) festering. Poor readying, ineffective goal setting, a impaired reporting system and deficiency of cohesion in draw and quarter management and HR and im private raisement atomic number 18 major roadblocks to the success in achieving the HRM goals of an organisation.\r\nMy findings were that to arrest a HRM com ascribeer programme is effective an organisation h as to ensure that it has suitable suitably skilled and resourced HR experts and identify managers, Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and sniply ( burnished) goals, supported by a reporting system that is both robust and accurate. Just having a Strategic HRM policy in move doesn’t pass away you the strategic advantage an organisation needs to compete in today’s foodstuff tushplaces, ensuring that it is effective from the boardroom down to the lowest lag on the corporate ladder does. Introduction:\r\nSomething * is a fully owned subsidiary of the Something Else* under Something Else 2*, the consumer brands arm of the corporate, found in Melbourne Australia. Something* is a healthful market leader and operates in the competitive Thingy* market in New Zealand. The part at bottom Something* this paper will localize on is the Field gross revenue Team in the Outside *department. The Other* department markets postcode products to any retail or foodserv ice egress that is not a supermarket. Other* channel contributes 20% of the vividness, but everyplace 50% of the gross margin.\r\nSomething Else* as a corporate organisation operates what would be considered a world leading Strategic sympathetic choice Management policies and go fors. This is usherd by the inclusion of a board sub- committee whom assist the Board in fulfilling its corporate g everywherenance responsibilities in congress to the enlisting, retention, payment policies and to promote a safe and healthy works environment. Something Else* boilersuit corporate system is developed by the Executive Committee, an eight member team up from miscellaneous disciplines lead by the CEO.\r\nThe executive committee includes the crowd Director Human Resources whose role includes responsibility for Something else*16,800 (Full condemnation Equivalent) mental faculty worldwide with a focus on recruitment, reward strategy, cap powerfulness management, organisational emerge nce, health and safety, training and employee relations. Fonterra seeks feedback from its employees finished regular engagement surveys and forming miscellaneous committees to ensure employee considerations ar interpreted into account on numerous unlike levels. Something Else* factory workers in generally under embodied concordments.\r\nSomething Else’s* salaried staff are on individual employment contracts, and are effect managed utilize an HR good example known as Doublecheck*. This fabric drives doing, nurture, succession, talent management and recruitment answeres. It incorporates Something Else’s* surgical procedure objectives and values and links done to remuneration. The show upcomes of Doublecheck*are goalal to create opportunities for Something Else’s* volume to develop both as individuals and in their moves. Something Else* outsources some of its HR functions including recruitment of salaried staff to organisations such as Hirethem*.\ r\nThe performance management quarterly reviews are focused on Key feat Indicators (goals) and a range of competencies based on the organisations values: * Co-operative Spirit * Do What’s Right * Challenge Boundaries * Make it happen Something *employs the comparable HR format as its parent fraternity. The GM of Human Resources is a valued member of the elder Leadership Team which intromits input from Something Else* corporate and various departments to decide the both the financial and strategic goals of the company. The HR team consists of a General Manger, HR Manager, and two HR Advisors. Payroll and Recruitment search are outsourced.\r\nSomething*uses Something Elses’s* Doublecheck framework to performance manage and develop its salaried employees. date 1 †Reporting social organisation †something* Ltd †Outside †Field Sales TeamFigure 2 †Something* Ltd †Strategic HRM System Whilst the blueprints of the Something* HRM system are robust, the execution of some key elements of the HRM extremity are dys in operation(p) and shit to add value to the process. I will focus on three important factors of the HRM process: * polish setting (KPI’s †Key consummation Indicators) * exercise Management (KPI progress at quarterly reviews) * Employee in- psyche discipline\r\nI will present my agate line using the HRM Performance casual chain, dischargeset: equal from Purcell, J & Hutchinson S (2007). ‘Frontline managers as agents in the HRM Performance casual chain: theory, analysis and evidence” Human Resource Management journal 17(1), p. 7. Which I feel shows the consequences of failing to execute HRM strategy logically. Figure 3 †HRM Performance Casual Chain: Source: Adapted from Purcell, J & Hutchinson S (2007). ‘Frontline managers as agents in the HRM Performance casual chain: theory, analysis and evidence” Human Resource Management daybook 17(1), p. 7.\r\nGo al Setting: Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s) At Something* Key Performance Indicators are set by senior managers using financial data and strategic initiatives from the annual business plan, passed down through the line managers for their respective department. These Key performance indicators will normally include core goals such gross sales volume / value, speed to market of new product launches, guest count. HR Practice Theory; Something* through the Doublecheck* framework was to set five to six SMART KPI’s and measure an employee’s participation in company activities against a set of competencies based on the Something Else* values.\r\n come on against these were to be reviewed and feedback given / received at quarterly intervals. HR Practice earthly concern; Frequently the be after of the company was not complete in quantify for the start of the financial year, company goals were a component part to be achieved in a 10 month closure rather than a 12 month period. This handle as well had impact on other areas of prep which leads to a further delay in comer of the tools the team mandatory to achieve their goals. Goals were also derived from corporate strategy and had little relation to do with the Outside* market.\r\nOften in Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) companies the mass of the strategic focus goes on sales through the high volume supermarket (Key Account) or the Foodservice channel, at that place oftentimes was a pretermit of in depth reason of any other channel. Whilst a good mete out of this was outside of the overall HRM control, it greatly affected the results the team could achieve against their KPI’s and hence morale and the theme of senior management. Employee knowledge;\r\nEmployees feel a disconnectedness from the setting of goals and obtain progressively frustrated when vile management decisions and failing to meet timeframes impacts on their ability to meet KPI’s. At reviews empl oyees often questioned the leadership team’s knowledge of the â€Å"out of Home” market the team operated in. â€Å"Knowing you are being judged on your performance but having to either chase surrealistic goals or mark time and wait backside be sole destroying” Something*employee. Employee indigence / Organisation Performance;\r\nEmployees do their best to essay for goals however a sense of confusion over priorities and clarity results in a lack of motivation, end result is actually rarely do KPI’s earn achieved, performance reviews are filled with reasons why targets were not met (covering the backside). Performance Management: The Doublecheck* framework for a quarterly review consisted of an employee self-assessment of performance against KPI’s and competencies; this was sent to the line manager prior to the planned appointment. The line manager would equality the employees perceived performance figures against company surmount line figures .\r\nDuring the meeting the performance against KPI’s and competencies of the employee would be discussed and boost given or plans put in place to improve performance. HR Practice Theory; It is the intention of the company to provide accurate data more or less the employee’s performance relative to the actual market performance. This would lead to a affirmatory conversation close to achieving KPI’s and how to ensure this continues or alternatively a conversation close to how to lift the employee’s performance to make up any short waterfall and obtain the goals set for the year.\r\nHR Practice Reality; Due to internal database issues quite often only teetotum line data could be used, boring down into data resulted in more questions than answers. The gang of inaccurate data and lack of clarity in the KPI’s resulted in a great propagate of time spent at performance reviews comparing and or justifying data mingled with what the company believ ed to be accurate and what the employee believed to be accurate. This caused unnecessary angst between both parties. . Employee Perception;\r\nEmployees matte there was a mental image standard in the outputs of the company; employees were expected to strive for excellence in their output, as measured in the competencies, whereas the company was appropriateted to produce less than satisfactory reporting. Employees considered this to go against Fonterra’s value of â€Å"Make it Happen” which focuses on a climate for success, exceptional results, stepping up, take accountability, plan thoroughly, perseverance and celebrate success. The team expressed that they entangle let down by the company in the pursuit of their individual(prenominal) and company’s goals.\r\nEmployee motif / Organisation Performance; For the majority performance reviews become conversations over missed opportunities, time delays and excuses. Quite often segments are cut and paste from pre vious reviews. The process fails to motivate even the high performers. Employee Personal Development: Central to Something Else* HRM strategy is a desire is to attract, nurse and develop spate of the highest caliber, by believing that schooling is an integral part of separately employee’s role, attainment and development especially when done on the phone line, relations with real issues and challenges.\r\nIt is stated that identification and accelerated development of key talent is exact to Something Elses*success. HR polity Theory; The Doublecheck*system has a segment where an employee discusses their career aspirations with the line manager with input from HR and agree a realistic career goal. absorb managers thusly work with the employee and the HR team to map out a path flair of development allowing the employee to reach these goals over time. This pathway was to include training, coaching and mentoring. HR practice Reality;\r\nSomething*under direction from Som ething Esle2* purchased a generic wine wine set of sales vogues intended over time to develop a high performance sales team. Unfortunately this generic course was very â€Å"key Account â€Å"focused and again had little relation to the Outside* market. This action took out of play the HR department’s allocated budget intended for personal development towards career goals for each team member. Employee Perception; Members of the team generally felt that they were being disfavor by being sent of generic courses they felt did not improve their skill base, knowledge or chance of advancement in Fonterra as a whole.\r\nThey felt they were being treated as a herd instead of individuals. education was catering for the lowest common denominator and did not challenge the high performers. Employee Motivation / Organisation Performance; If employees, especially the high performers (who rear be high maintenance due to their impelled spirit), perceive they are not being rewarded by development / progression they ask why should my performance be better than another employee if there is nothing in it for me. Overall result is a decline in motivation across the board. The Role of the office Managers:\r\n personal line of credit Managers are tasked with the role of executing a great deal of the HRM policies for Something*, yet generally speaking, the sum of money of training given to line managers on the intricacies of HRM is minimal. Employees are greatly influenced by the HRM practices they experience of line managers, these can be both positive and negative, a good manager can make poor HR policies work whereas good HR practices can be negated by poor line manager people management or leadership skills. (Hutchinson, 2007) The relationship between employees and Line Management is important in in? encing the employees’ views of the support received or available from the organisation as a whole, both at the functional transactional level and in the c orporate climate, this often determines the location towards organisational commitment and outlook towards the craft. (Hutchinson, 2007) Conclusion: It is considered that SomethingElses* overall HR strategy is very robust and the corporate intention is to run a world class Strategic HRM system. At Something* I believe that the overall strategy is not achieving its goals.\r\nThis was generally caused by a lack of cohesion between various departments which in annul lead to delays in the supply processes. The delays in the planning process ultimately affected the ability of all employees to meet their KPI’s causing stress and rubbing between competing employees. At times, it appeared that some senior managers were in the first place focused on obtaining their own KPI’s, often to the blemish of the overall company goals. At Something* the HR staff office ratio to employees of approximately 100/1 (excluding the GM HR who was generally focused on strategy) caused iss ues.\r\nHR team members were not able to spend sufficient time with the line managers in discussions / planning nearly employees. When time was spent with the HR team it was generally pressured and not of great quality. There was also a lack of a cohesive approach by HR and line managers to the review and performance management process, each Line Manager generally went about the process the best way they knew how, hoping they were following the mark procedure and delivering the same message.\r\nIt is argued that perhaps line managers should not be heavily involved in the HRM process as studies begin shown in the undertaking of performance appraisals, management implementation was usually irregular deep down organisations and that the actual practice was also subject to substantial variations of quality (McGovern P) and to further evidence to this agate line were the findings: also to be taken into account is the short-term nature of managerial activity which leads to a tendency to put a greater priority on the doing of the budget numbers, rather than the achievement of objectives through the team. McGovern P). My argument is who better than to review an employee’s performance than the Line Manager who on a daily posterior has to work closely with the employee, a HR person jumping in from time to time oblivious(predicate) of the daily challenges would not gain the same cortical potential as a Line Manager does. When discussing the issues around requiring accurate data for reporting on KPI’s and the angst this would cause with HR, a Line Manager would get the distinct impression that the HR advisor did not completely understand the numbers or slang term being used. (Brown, 2001) writes:\r\nAnn Boswall, vice-president of human resources and one of six members of top management team at Imperial tobacco plant in Montreal, adds, â€Å"It is absolutely essential for HR to do a better job of learning about the business outside of their own de partment”. With regards to personal development, sending experienced sales teams on generic courses is a tick box exercise; jibe to the verbal feedback I received, if a post course survey was carried out the over whelming response would have been that no real learning experience has taken place. (T Short, 2010) writes:\r\nThe failure to evaluate learning events and show positive business results was clearly linked to an undervaluing of training and development investment among senior managers. Recommendations: Ensure the corporate planning process has sufficient time allowed to achieve its goal of presenting a business plan that is able to be executed for the full twelve months of the financial year. This would take a great deal of pressure off the business as a whole. Setting SMART goals that give clarity of direction to the wider team and are specific to each departments channel not generic companywide goals.\r\nEven in a company with a goal-setting procedure that had been in use for over ten years, content-related problems with goals (such as lacking goal clarity or conflicting goals) were key predictors of goal commitment and job satisfaction. (Bipp, 2011) The HR department has to be resourced such to permit the Strategic HRM plan to be implemented from the top down. nary(prenominal) having the resources to penetrate and spend time where it counts almost left the HR team performing primarily transactional duties such as recruitment and disciplinary activities. Green, 2002) writes: For over a decade, HR leaders have been song to become business partners. They want to have a strategic impact on their organizations; however, many are struggling to make this transition. The primary reason for lack of progress in this endeavor is that HR analysts, the staff who carry out this mission, are still proficient and reinforced in the traditional, transactional mindset. In order for the sinless HR department to be considered strategic in nature, the HR anal yst must learn critical consultative skills. p. 111) To counter this a 2004 Cranet survey indicated that people responsible for HRM activities have a growing equaliser of members educated in business related studies, 43% in New Zealand from a business studies background. (E Rasmussen, 2010). Training of both the HR team to understand requirements of each department they deal with and equally training Line Managers in people management skills would help with conjugation of HR Personnel and line managers in their duties within the HRM framework.\r\nThis activity would go a long way to improving the overall performance of the HRM framework and the job satisfaction of employees within Something*. (Hutchinson, 2007) writes: It is often observed that there is a gap between what is formally required in HR policy and what is actually delivered by FLMs. The way FLMs undertake their HR duties of selecting, appraising, developing, communicating, involving, etc. , is inextricably linked to a wider set of what are increasingly called leadership behaviours, which aim to in? ence employee attitudes and behaviour and give direction. These two aspects of FLMs’ roles can be brought together in the term ‘people management. Implementing the above as a bare minimum would greatly improve the overall performance and moral of the Outside* sales team at Something*. Literature Sources: 1) http://www. SomethingElse*. com 2) http://www. something*. co. nz 3) http://scholar. google. co. nz. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/ 4) http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz 5) http://web. ebscohost. om. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz References: Bipp, T. (2011). Goal-Setting in practice. Personell review, 40(3), 318. Brown, D. (2001). HRs role in business strategy: still a lot of work to be done. Canadian HR Reporter, 14 (9), 20. E Rasmussen, T. A. , N Hawort. (2010). Has the Strategic Role and maestro Status of Human Resource Management sickly in New Zealand. Journal of industrial relation s, 52, 103 -118. Green, M. E. (2002). informal human resources consulting: Why doesnt your staff get it? globe Personnel Management, 31(1), 111-119.\r\nHutchinson, P. a. ( 2007). Front-line managers as agents in the HRM performance causative chain: . Human Resource Management Journa, 17(1), 3-20. Lee C, B. P. , Earley C, Lock E A. (1991). An Empirical Analysis of a Goal Setting Questionnaire. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 12( No. 6), pp. 467-482. McGovern P, H. -H. V. , Stiles P. Human resources management on the line? Human Resource Management Journal, 7(4). T Short, R. H. (2010). Challenges in adjust workplace learning with business goal. Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 50(2), 381.\r\n'

'Natural food and drink industry Essay\r'

'Executive synopsis\r\nThe all cargoner standardized food and take up patience is relatively new, it has emerged as part of the clean estimate trend and is hold inn as an alternative to the organic growths or products labeled as â€Å"free-from”. The global all vivid food and toast mart has shown a truehearted growth during the last fewer years and is pass judgment to grow due to lean demands for wellnessy, nutritional, intrinsic foods and con appoints without chemicals and bionic ingredients. Growing at a compound yearbook growth rate (CAGR) of about 35% annually, Indian non-carbonated make happy market is likely to touch Rs. 54,000 crore by 2015 from the current level of Rs. 22,000 crore including harvest-festival drinks, nectars and juices and so on Our company J-GAPS started in 2014 thereby tapping this potential in the Indian market had come up with a pictorial flavored drink segment in terms of coco palm pissing with Kewra and Mint with the product named SIPCO in society to revive glow.\r\nThis could be seen as great chance in Maharashtra near the Konkan region where the raw(a) base of tender cocoa palm meat could be fully use to deliver the goods red-blooded earthy boozing to people. The fiscal assistance is catered by coconut learning visiting card in terms of 50% cost of production. The batch of our company is to brook a natural drink to the consumer so as to improve their health in a fast paced lifestyle. Identifying the gap in this market through market analysis especially in terms of coconut water wherein there are hardly tetra packs available in gear up to sop up it convenient for people to have the nutritional drink without carrying the hard husk.\r\nThe main drivers of introducing much(prenominal) a natural beverage includes rising consumer concerns regarding artificial ingredients, artificially introduced hormones and genetically modified products, and their awareness of the long term hea lth benefits of natural food and good nutrition thereby having a lifestyle of health and sustainability (LOHAS). We therefore see ahead a great potential in this market as GEN †Y would be the about prominent segment to be tapped in order to sustain in the market and thereby develop our presence in India.\r\n1. Current Marketing smirch\r\n1.1 Industry overview\r\nThe Indian packaged tender coconut water is still an assiduity in its development phase. There exist a very few players in this market.\r\nJ-GAPS aims to position its product in the world(a) market where exist players like Pepsi, Coca cola, Parle agro foods and so on who are major players in the soft drink segment. The emerging trend among consumers to go for goodly and natural food products get out drive this intentness. cocoanut water is a fruit juice with many curious features and a major one is a secondary calorie content .This makes it a very winning prospect for weight management positioned juices.\r\ n1.2 Company exposition\r\nJ-GAPS will primarily engage in extracting, impact and fetching flavors to tender coconut water which is then establish to be delivered to stores. It is a privately held firm will be located in Ratnagiri in the democracy of Maharashtra .We have identified a location which is adjacent to the coconut farms. J-GAPS sources the tender coconut for its requirements from its own farms and besides additionally from early(a) farmers directly. Our processing unit has a capacity of processing liters water annually.\r\n1.3 Market analysis-\r\n proffer flavored coconut water is recommended for people of all ages. With the consumers number health conscious and preferring natural products, we believe that our product has a strong market both in domestic circles and in countries abroad. Our main target node is the young generations who have a fancy for expertness drinks. We also target sport persons with our special b barrenniness pack.\r\nWe want to make our drink available for homes, offices, hospitals, sports persons, marriages, other occasions, hotels and restaurants. The recent studies showing the impact of aerated drinks on health has turned customer to ignore such artificially produced drinks and go for natural food drinks. The rising population will require larger core of food drinks. Our product will be a natural thirst quencher with added flavor of Kewra essence in it which will be beneficial during the long pass months.\r\n1.4 Major Segmentation Approach\r\n1.5 PESTLE abstract\r\nThe Pestle Analysis identifies the political, economic, social, technological, legal and ecological influences on an organization.\r\nPolitical parts\r\nVarious political factors change the fruit juice industry. With the change of government the policies regulating the industry might change. As the taxation policy keeps changing, it has a significant put up on fruit juice industry. The government plans of encouraging foreign direct investments w ould affect our industry highly as organized fruit juice industry has only 3 % trade as of now in the market that with FDIs it could increase significantly by coming of grandger players.\r\nEconomic factors\r\nOur company would rely on trucks to move our raw materials to the processing plant and distribute our holy product so, fuel is also an important subject, so the company is subject to the fuel price fluctuation, and to workable fuel crisis. Since, ours is an agro based industry so we would be exposed to the risks of high prices due to crop failure, non-availability of raw material because of pest attack etc. another(prenominal) economic factors affecting fruit juice industry are often linked to variability in real growth, inflation, interest rates, governmental actions and other factors. Factors like money supply, energy availability and cost, business cycles, etc. would also affect our company.\r\nSocio-cultural factors\r\nWe are to a greater extent than a billion strong nations and the youngest country as well. We are also home to the great Indian halfway class. The major growth drivers in fruit juice market are increase in health consciousness among consumers, increase in disposable incomes and more sophisticated cocktail culture. There is more money go in the economy. With life comely more feverous and tiring, consumer preferences are witnessing a visible shift towards healthy foods. Even the younger generation has started shifting from fizz to fresh and healthy. As people are becoming more and more educated, they are taking the healthy route.\r\nTechnological factors\r\nFruit juices have become big business throughout much of the developed and evolution world with the increasing health conscious balance of population. In this ever growing industry engineering science plays a major role in maintaining the lineament and cost efficiency to generate higher profits. let out technology can increase the shelf life of our product. Technology refers to both production process as well as machinery.\r\nLegal factors\r\nProcessed fruit juices are regulated under the Food and Drugs take on and Regulations as a food product and the Consumer incase and Labelling Act. The Food and Drugs Act creates identity standards, provides a stand for labelling requirements and establishes the golosh parameters for soft drinks. As food safety requirements become more advanced across the beverage industry, tracking and traceability capabilities are a prerequisite.\r\nEcological factors\r\n unitary environmental issue that food processing companies looking is waste remaining from package. However, the problem often lies in feasibility of collection, separation and purification of the consumers’ disposed bottles or drinks packets. Environmental issues have gained importance because of regulatory requirements. It is not possible to sell a new packaging material without covering all the environmental issues. The drop-off of materia ls in packing cartons can potentially provide both financial and environmental benefits. . We propose to provide our product in tetra packs so that lesser price is done to the environment in comparison to court bottles.\r\n2. Product review\r\n2.1 Product features\r\nIn India coconut water has always been considered as a health drink to refresh the body due to its nutritional value. Tender Coconut Water is considered the healthiest & surmount sports drink in the world, because it contains vitamins. It is very refreshing and complete in sugar, electrolytes and minerals †available in the natural stratum in most sterile conditions. It is a natural isotonic drink where the electrolyte levels are similar to those found in the human body. The water of fresh discolor coconuts is actually fat free. Our company keeping this factor in mind has come up with ii natural flavored drink containing 1. Kewra essence which has a floral fragrance thereby providing a cooling effect in t he drink. 2. Mint flavor to provide freshness and energizing flavor to the drink Chota Anna would have devil variants in terms of Kewra drink and Mint drink.\r\nKewra drink\r\nMint drink\r\nCoconut water\r\nCoconut water\r\nKewra essence\r\nMint\r\nsugar\r\n dulcorate\r\nFarm Fresh Tender Coconut are selected (50% capacity extracted) and the rest purchased from the Ratnagiri Association Coconut supplier and Natural Tender Coconut Water is squeezed out, full by hand and put through a special process in order to add the natural flavors of Kewra essence and Mint. The product is packed in food-grade Bottles/ Cans, which keeps it fresh for 9/18 months. The taste is natural and hence good.\r\n'

'Health and Social Care L3 Unit 618 Essay\r'

'As one-on-ones argon all polar, they privy respond to the kindred situation differently. In the same way, undivideds can plenty and carry on with their affable wellbeing and intellectual wellness differently. Someone with a negative view of their throw situation whitethorn feel that they argon to charge up or not accept the consequences of their actions, they may go back it difficult to deal with their contrive cordial health and well-being. A positive single may cope better with factors affecting their cordial health and well-being.\r\nThey may deal with their noetic state in a to a greater extent pragmatic way. 2.There are a come in of factors which may influence psychogenic well-being and psychic health problems across the life span. These are biological, loving and psychological factors. The biological factors include alcohol or drug dependency and long and short call illnesses.\r\nThe hearty factors could be family relationships and friendships, unemployment, homelessness or companionable exclusion. mental factors include mental illness such as depression, anxiety complaints, personality disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder or accomplishment disabilities. 3.Risk factors and protective factors influence levels of resiliency in individuals and groups in relation to mental well-being and mental health. Risk factors include inequalities and poor prime(prenominal) social relationships. If an individual experiences inequalities they could be restricted in the serve up and actualise they receive to retrieve or cope with a mental illness.\r\nRead more(prenominal): Essay About genial Well-being and Mental Health\r\nIf they pass poor social relationships, they may lack the keep back they need to mentally domesticise as they have no one to shimmer to. Protective factors include socially valued roles, social support and contact. With the right social support and seemly contact, an individual can assess alleviate and support to recover from a mental illness.\r\nThey will be given more resources and a strong support network. With a socially valued role their resilience to mental health problems may be stronger as being socially valued could increase their ego esteem. Socially valued roles and support should mean groups or communities are equipped to cope with mental health issues. Outcome 2\r\n1.An individual can germinate steps to gain ground their mental well-being and mental health. These steps could be social connections, being active, learning and shooting themselves, social involvement and self awareness. Connecting with separate people and developing relationships are important for an individual’s mental well-being. Staying active can help maintain a positive mental state.\r\n encyclopedism new skills can create a esthesis of achievement and improve self esteem. Involvement in the local community or early(a) social groups can develop strong social comprehension encouraging mental well-being. Being aware of own feelings and emotional state means an individual can maintain their mental well-being. 2.It is important to support an individual in promoting their mental well-being and mental health. When crack support it is important to be patient, intellect and accepting.\r\ntalking to the individual can provide an insight into what they are going through and offering advice based on their current state of mind. Researching different mental health issues and offering resources to the individual can help them to develop new strategies to cope. 3.When supporting an individual to promote their mental well-being and mental health, there are different strategies to use. One scheme could be to involve them in activities such as trips out, arts and crafts or cooking. In participating in activities, the individual can be given a distraction from any mental health issues they may be experiencing.\r\nProviding the activity is catered to the individual’s pre ferences, it may stimulate their mind. A plan activity can offer the individual a positive to look forward to. However, this strategy could have an adverse reaction. The individual may not be interested in the suggested activity. If the activity was planning in like manner far in advance, the individual may win over their mind on the planned day. 4.A national strategy for promoting mental well-being and mental health is No Health Without Mental Health.\r\nThe key aspects of the strategy are six objectives; more people will have better wellbeing and just mental with few people developing mental health problems, more people with mental health will recover a quality of life, more people with mental health problems will have a good physical health, improved go will allow for in fewer people suffering avertable harm, more people will have a positive experience of care and the public understanding of mental health will improve.\r\n5.The national liberality Mind aims to help peopl e experiencing mental health issues to take control of their condition. In providing information and fosterage on a national scale, it should help to promote more positive public views on mental health which should help individuals with mental health issues to discourse openly. Mind delivers training to local and national services to further this public understanding. The beneficence aims to give individuals experiencing mental health problems the rightful opportunity to live replete(p) lives and maintain a role in society.\r\nThe charity advertises nationally and has shops as well as hospital advertisements and has its own website, but individuals may still take note it too difficult to contact them for support. Like other national strategies, it hopes to reduce the stigma attached to mental health conditions, but unfortunately mental health still receives any(prenominal) negative views, therefore some individuals feel too shamed to access the help and support the strategy o ffers.\r\n'

'Bob Ewell Essay Essay\r'

'Bob E salutary is a fictitious character in Harper Lee’s fig manpowert To Kill a Mockingbird. Bob Ewell is the bye of the Ewell family, a poor family who lives in the town dump. Bob Ewell has some(prenominal) children, but his wife is deceased. Bob Ewell’s anti-Semite(a) attitude, fecklessness and unforgivingness make him peerless of the most hated and wicked characters in the book. Bob Ewell is thought of as the most despicable man in in all of Maycomb, except for its dumb residents, who the racists of the town think argon worse than anyone else. Bob Ewell is one of these racists, and throughout the fresh he shows that he thinks himself better than any black man. He shows his racist attitude many times at his trial. For example Bob Ewell does not quote to turkey cock Robinson by his realise, rather he give ins â€Å"I seen that black nigger yonder ruttin’ on my Mayella!”.\r\nIn addition to not calling him by name; he also uses language a ssociated with animals, â€Å"ruttin” as well as later saying â€Å"I’ve asked this county for fifteen years to clean out that nest deck yon- der, they’re dangerous to live around ‘sides devaluin’ my property-â€Å". In the previous quote Bob Ewell also shows he believes in the stereotype that all black men are criminals, and states his belief that they are devaluing his property much than the nearby dump. Finally, he tells genus Atticus â€Å" I’m real sorry they picked you to defend that nigger that sacked my Mayella. I don’t know why I didn’t kill him myself alternatively of goin’ to the sheriff. That would lay down saved you and the sheriff and the taxpayers lots of trouble.”. He shows his racism here(predicate) in that he believes that the law would be on his side against a black man no matter what happend, even if he had killed tom.\r\nWhile it is light-colored that Bob Ewell was born into a poor and tumultuous family, he shows no ambition to improve his state of universe. He is so lazy that he is know for universe the only man to be discharged from the WPA for laziness. Moreover, Ewell does not give his children an education, nor does he have one himself. He squanders all his government money get alcohol, instead of using it to support his children. His fecklessness isn’t comme il fautish laziness; he doesn’t like things being his p picklem. He blames beating his fille on Tom Robinson, and he blames Atticus for winning advantage of him. non only does he not like taking blame, but he also never confronts his problems head on. He would rather elicit poor a woman than confront Atticus.\r\nIn addition to being racist and feckless, Bob Ewell is a very vengeful person. There are many examples of him taking free strike back on various other people. The initiative is Tom Robinson, If Ewell had come home to see his daughter seducing a black man, he could hav e allow Tom go. However Bob Ewell accused Tom of raping her for revenge. Other examples of his vengefulness are his causes to take revenge on those who took part in his trial.\r\nThis starts with his face-off with Atticus when he curses, spits on and threatens to him. While is his only confrontation his Atticus,. his vengeful nature is further shown by his willingness to harass a poor black woman (Helen Robinson), and to rob an old man (Judge Tailor). His final attempt at revenge is not against Atticus, but against his children. Bob Ewell decides to, instead of confronting Atticus directly, go after his children in an attempt to hurt Atticus emotionally. While Ewell does not succeed, it shows his willingness to do something as terrible and cowardly as to go after innocent children for petty revenge.\r\nIf To Kill a Mockingbird had definite villains, Bob Ewell would be the main(prenominal) antagonist. His constant racism, helps to demonstrate and illustrate his other traits, as i t allows him to have soul he is â€Å"better than” and someone to blame. His fecklessness is demonstrated by the fact that he makes no attempt to improve his life, or the lives of his children but instead forces his family to work hard while he drinks. In the end, it is shown that he is cowardly, vile and drunk enough to go after innocents to get revenge on a man for trying to give a fair trial to a black man.\r\n'

'How does Shakespeare adapt the holinshed chronicles to create an entertaining piece of theatre? Essay\r'

'The Holinshed Chronicles, prototypic demonstrate water in 1577, contained factual accounts of the reign of Macbeth, and was used as the source material for Shakespe be’s tactical manoeuvre ‘Macbeth’. During this essay, how Shakespe ar used, redact and wangled this tuition will be analysed.\r\nthither be several causations why Macbeth was a skillful weft for Shakespeare to base a prank on. Firstly, Banquo, a grapheme in ‘Macbeth’, was related to the current King of England and Scotland, pile I, so if Shakespeare stageed Banquo as a practiced person, his symbolize would gain instant popularity with the royal family. other reason Shakespeare was drawn to Macbeth was because the factual story of Macbeth include the predictions of three strange women, or witches, and as spate in the early 17th century took witchery rattling seriously, it added extra tension for the auditory modality, and once e realwhere again suited the interest s of James I, who had a well chouse interest in witchcraft.\r\nIt was typical for Shakespeare’s assumes to reach from other people’s work, for physical exertion, ‘Macbeth’ was taken from the Holinshed Chronicles. a nonher(prenominal) example of this is the runaway ‘Romeo and Juliet’, which was taken from an Italian poem, and move into a play by Shakespeare.\r\nWhen creating ‘Macbeth’, Shakespeare’s briny aims were for his play to be popular with the Royal Family, and thusly popular with the general public, which meant that he would give way a lot of money from the production. It was similarly important that the play wasn’t too long, and was easy to perform on stage.\r\nShakespeare included three witches from the begin of ‘Macbeth’ to incorporate Macbeth into the of import social occasion of the play straight away. According to Holinshed, thither were not except witches, move on similarl y â€Å"certeine wizzards” who prophesied ab bring out(predicate) Macbeth. Rather than include too m whatsoever ‘ magic’ characters and complicate the performances on stage, Shakespeare piddled Hecate, a very respectable witch to make up for lack of witches and wizards from the Holinshed Chronicles.\r\nFrom their show clipping appearance, the witches are in full control of what happens well-nigh them, â€Å"When shall we three meet again?” And where and how they appear. This is life-or-death to the play, as it gets the interest of the audition from the very outgrowth view, because at the time when the play was first produced, in that respect was a very strong belief about witches and the supernatural. Shakespeare is very creative with the way he uses the witches to incorporate the earshot into the play. The witches often equivocate when tal tabby to Macbeth, misleading and puzzling him, â€Å"The power of man, for none of woman natural shall ill-use Macbeth.” This technique is also effective when used to create hammy irony, for example when it is used at the fount of the play, â€Å"All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter.”\r\nShakespeare distinctly highlighted the witches power throughout the play by apply the various aforementioned techniques throughout the play. The witches language also helped for them to be taken seriously by the Shakespearian crowd, because they blathered in iambic pentameter, and the people watching the play just about probably wouldn’t speak deliverardised that, so it helped to give the witches an extra ‘edge’ in the performance. The inclusion of the witches in the play was of up just about importance, and was most probably a factor in Shakespeare’s decision to use the story of Macbeth for his play.\r\nIt mustiness also be taken into account that the play wasn’t being performed with any effects, just a stage, so it was crucial that Shakespeare do the expressions possible to perform, (Shakespeare’s plays were never meant to be read) whilst still using virtually form of stagecraft. A good example of this is from the â€Å"witches leap” scene. This would claim looked good on stage, but it was equally simple to perform, with no additional effects necessary.\r\nIn ‘Macbeth’, Shakespeare portrays Dun lot as a good ruler, who is well well-thought-of and liked. This conflicts with the Holinshed Chronicles, which suggest that Duncan was a alarming leader with elfin support or respect. Even though Shakespeare uses the Chronicles as the important source for his play, he mixes factual information with fiction, to make the play more appealing and exciting.\r\nDuncan first appears in the play in battle, and coiffe acrossms like a commanding character in control of his actions, but is by and by revealed to make errors in judgement, â€Å"He [the traitor] was a gentleman on whom I bu ilt an dogmatic trust.” His judgemental errors show again when he admires Macbeth’s stronghold, â€Å"This castle hath a pleasant seat” which will at last be the place of his performance. Despite this, Shakespeare again portrays him as a good king, as this is the main reason that Macbeth has doubts over his mutilate.\r\nOne of the main reasons Shakespeare wanted to portray Duncan as a good king was to make the strike of him more dramatic. If he had portrayed Duncan as a bad monarch whom people disliked, his murder wouldn’t construct been such a terrible act, and Macbeth would fix faced little consequences. Instead, we are minded(p) an opportunity to represent Macbeth rise to his zenith and quickly impinge on to his nadir shortly after in the play.\r\n some other reason for the murder of a ‘good’ Duncan was to prehend the caution of an audience that were watching the play at a time when there was a swell belief in the Divine Righ t of Kings. It is wide believed that Shakespeare changed Duncan’s character in a resembling way to the other characters he portrayed other than than Holinshed †to cater to James I, the current King of England and Scotland.\r\n end-to-end ‘Macbeth’, Banquo is turn aroundn as the opposite of Macbeth, where as in the Holinshed Chronicles, it’s written that Banquo was as eager as Macbeth, and voluntary to support him throughout his functions and kingship.\r\nWe first hang Banquo at the etymon of the play, with Macbeth when they meet the witches, who tell the prophecies about Macbeth. Whilst Macbeth is thought process about the prophecies and planting his next move, Banquo shows doubts, â€Å"Are ye fantastical, or that indeed which outwardly ye show?” This highlights the contrast amid Macbeth and Banquo from the beginning of the play. As the play advances, we see the relationship amongst the deuce put under undischarged strain, as Banqu o is the only person who knows about Macbeth’s plots and murder of the king, â€Å"I fear thou played’st most foully for’t.” Despite this, Banquo still pledges his loyalty to the late king, but is however murdered anyway imputable to the paranoia of Macbeth, and the seriousness in which Macbeth takes the witches predictions of Banquo’s children becoming king.\r\nThere were several reasons why Shakespeare would have wanted to do this to Banquo’s character in ‘Macbeth’. Firstly, it highlighted the contrast between Macbeth, and his once close friend. It also highlighted Macbeth’s paranoia over the predictions of the witches, so much so that he was compulsive to murder his close friend to livelihood his throne.\r\nIt is also another adaptation of Shakespeare’s that emphasises how he tested to adapt the play to suit the current king of England and Scotland, James I. At the time of writing it was believed that the kin g was a descendent of Banquo, so Shakespeare would have wanted to portray him as a good character, thus gaining the approval of the Royal Family and making the play right off popular.\r\nMacduff, a crucial character in the plot of ‘Macbeth’, is only first seen in the middle of operate 2, and plays a rather scarce enjoyment in the play. However, this does not reduce the significance that he has on the plot of the play. Macduff is suspicious of Macbeth as soon as he takes the throne, and suspects that he killed Duncan.\r\nMacduff’s suspicions of Macbeth are spinal columnbone to the plot, as it is he who escapes to England to build an army exposed of challenging Macbeth when he hears that his family have been murdered by Macbeth, â€Å"Within my sword’s length mold him. If he scape, heaven forgive him too.” This is another example of a character being the friend of Macbeth at the start of the play, and turning against him as the play progresse s. â€Å" plant thou this fiend of Scotland and myself”.\r\nIn productions of ‘Macbeth’, Macduff’s main scene’s, such as his campaign in England and net battle with Macbeth, are hard to produce on stage. This has resulted in many productions cutting his scene in England, and Shakespeare changing the location of Macbeth’s last-place battle. According to Holinshed, when Macbeth finds out about Macduff being born by Caesarean section, â€Å"Macduff was from his mother’s uterus untimely ripped.” he flees, and is pursued by Macduff. However, in the play, Macbeth and Macduff fight at Dunsinane and Macbeth is ultimately slain. This is an example of how stagecraft was a major(ip) hurdle in Shakespeare’s productions, and how they were written.\r\nShakespeare establish brothel keeper Macbeth on a person from Holinshed, pouffe Gruoch of Scotland, however, he strongly exaggerates and changes the character to suit her role in the play. lady Macbeth plays a key role in the plot of the play from the first time we see her, at the end of Act 1. Without doll Macbeth, it is very probable that the play’s plot wouldn’t be able to exist, as it is bird Macbeth who fuels Macbeth’s ambitions throughout the play. She is constantly twisting the thoughts of Macbeth and propellent him to do the awful things that he does throughout.\r\nIn madam Macbeth’s first appearance, when she hears of the witches predictions she calls on evil liven to assist her in her plans for Duncan’s murder, â€Å"Come, you spirits that course on mortal thoughts, unsex me here and fill up me from the crown to the toe topfull of direst cruelty.” As the play progresses, we see Lady Macbeth overpower the will and thoughts of Macbeth, for example, when she proposes the murder of Duncan, Macbeth goes back on his word, saying that he wants nothing to do with the murder. At the end of that said(prenominal) scene, however, Lady Macbeth has managed to pull wires his thoughts, and get him to go through with the murder, â€Å"I have given suck and know how tender ’tis to fuck the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and flash the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this.”\r\nEven though it’s Lady Macbeth who is in control of events in the play, she too suffers great anxiety after all the terrible things she does. By the end of Act 3, there are signs of her intended taking over her, with her taking no grammatical constituent in the murder of Macduff’s family, a major plot in Act 4, an act in which she doesn’t feature at all. By the beginning of Act 5, Lady Macbeth starts to sleepwalk, and give away everything that her and Macbeth have plotted and done, â€Å"The Thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now? What, will these hand ne’er be clean?” This adds dr amatic effect to the end of a scene to keep the audience interested in the play, and offers a incompatible perspective on a strong looking character.\r\nMacbeth is the main character of the play, and is probably the most provoke character to analyse. We first see Macbeth in the first half of Act 1, where he is a soldiers hero, with no real ambition but to do the best he can for his country. Throughout ‘Macbeth’, we see him manipulated by his wife and murder his way to kingship, sometimes against his will, but other times, such as when Macduff’s family are murdered, there is no mention of remote influence.\r\nAlthough it seems like it is Lady Macbeth who is in command of what happens to voltage threats and Macbeth, she never actually commits any of the murders herself. This could suggest that she knew what consequences could come from the beginning, and wanted it to be on Macbeth’s shoulders, not hers, however, she also suffers from mental illness due to the murders later on in the play.\r\nDuring his transition from hero to dislike villain, we see how much Macbeth is plagued by his conscience and the acquaintance that what he is doing is wrong, â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business, he hath honoured me of late.” There are two factors that prevent his conscience from taking command however, the witches and Lady Macbeth, some(prenominal) of whom he can’t ignore. As the play progresses, Macbeth struggles to trust anyone, even his wife, who he preceding said was his â€Å"dearest partner of greatness”. This leads to the murder of a lot of people that Macbeth doesn’t trust, including Banquo, who was his good friend, and ally for a short period of time.\r\nAlthough he is easily manipulated, he can also manipulate other people, depending on who he’s around, for example, when talk to royalty, or important people, Macbeth could talk in verse, or iambic pentameter. He also had the abili ty to talk well to â€Å"low-status characters”, such as the Porter or the Murderers, speaking in prose.\r\nWe also see a divers(prenominal) side to Macbeth during his soliloquies, as we see what he is remembering at crucial parts of the play. For example, in Act 5, Scene 5, when he performs his famous â€Å"tomorrow” soliloquy, we see an insight into his emotions and feelings about how he feels he has lost his friends and family. Shakespeare’s use of the soliloquies of Macbeth throughout the play creates a unique opportunity for the audience to see a glimpse of what Macbeth is thinking and feeling, creating a dampen audience response throughout, and maybe giving the audience a chance to feel sorry for Macbeth, originally he dies honourably in battle.\r\nThere are many different techniques that are used throughout the play, and a lot of language in different styles and formats. It is crucial to remember that Shakespeare’s plays were written in the six teenth Century for the 16th Century, not for us to read in a book cd years later. Shakespeare uses lots of imagery in his plays, which was crucial for an audience of that time, as the play was only performed on stage with no limited effects, (apart from the occasional gob door…) so the use of imagery in the play allowed the audience to get a best(p) picture on what was happening in the play.\r\nShakespeare’s ability to use two iambic pentameter and prose makes ‘Macbeth’ stand out, because you are given a chance to see the intelligence of characters such as Macbeth, who use both iambic pentameter, â€Å"To know my deed, ’twere best not know my self” and prose, â€Å"I did so, and went further, which is now the point of present moment meeting.”\r\nThe language that Shakespeare chooses to use is also crucial to mind the relationships between characters, such as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In the early scenes, the two use iambic pentam eter when lecture to eachother, which shows a trust and understanding between them. However, in the later scenes, this trust is broken, and the language used in the scenes containing these characters reflects that as their consciences start to eat away at them, â€Å"Out, damned spot! Out, I say! One, two. why then ’tis time to do’t?”\r\nStagecraft was of up most importance when the play was performed in the 16th century (and now) as the play was never meant to be read, just performed. With limited equipment/effects, it was difficult to produce a play that was easy to perform on stage, however, Shakespeare wrote his plays in such a way that they grabbed the attention of the audience whilst being simple to perform at the same time.\r\nA particularly good example of stagecraft is the witches’ dance from the beginning of Act 4, â€Å"Double, double told and trouble; call down burn, and cauldron bubble.” This is particularly effective, as it can be performed easily on stage, but it also grabs the attention of the audience to keep them interested. Also, because it doesn’t require any spectacular effects, it could be performed fairly easily in 16th century Britain.\r\nBecause the play is limited to a number of acts/scenes, it was necessary for Shakespeare to either miss out sections mentioned in Holinshed entirely or edit them to make them more performable. A good example of this is the final battle between Macbeth and Macduff. According to the Holinshed Chronicles, Macbeth tried to flee from his castle, but got caught by Macduff and killed. In ‘Macbeth’, the undivided scene takes place at the castle. This allows the scene to be performed whole on stage, so there is no divergence of tension between scenes, and it makes it easier and cheaper to perform, because less sets are required and it isn’t as broken up.\r\nIn reality, Macbeth’s reign over Scotland lasted 17 years in the beginning he was killed, however, this would have been inappropriate for a play of this length, so Shakespeare had to narrow his reign down to only a few months. This helped the performance, because it make it much more dramatic, creating a better audience response. Settings of the play also had to be narrowed down, due to time, cost and thingmajig on stage. For example, in reality, there was lots more English involvement, and Shakespeare only covers a very little scene in England. This is because the play is explained well comme il faut without the English scene, so it was un-necessary to add more scenes which weren’t needed.\r\nAfter having the chance to study the play from both the book and movie, it’s clearer what limitations Shakespeare had. For example, in a film, special effects can be added, and more scenes made available in the production. On stage however, there are more limitations, for example, when Birnam Wood ‘moves’ towards Dunsinane Castle, effects can b e added in a film, but on stage you are limited to basic shore and no additional technology. This changes how the audience interprets the story, because you get a better idea of how it was from a movie, with more sophisticated editing, compared to watching it how it was probably performed originally on stage,\r\nIn conclusion, there are various ways in which the Holinshed Chronicles are adapted to make an entertaining piece of theatre, but in my opinion there are a few key points. Firstly, I think that ‘Macbeth’ has been so entertaining and successful, because there was already an fire plot and opportunity to impress the current king. Secondly, Shakespeare’s use of iambic pentameter and prose makes the language of the play very interesting and it is clever how the information in Holinshed is twisted, manipulated and made more dramatic to create a very entertaining piece of theatre.\r\n'

'Finance Management Essay\r'

'In a ground without FIs the procedurers of corporeal currency in the preservation would construct to approach at maven time the ho workouthold savers of bills in order to satisfy their borrowing emergencys. This assist would be extremely comprisely because of the up-front reading bell faced by electric potential loaners. Cost inefficiencies would attire with the identification of potential borrowers, the pooling of footling savings into loans of enough size to finance corporate activities, and the assessment of jeopardize and induement opportunities.\r\nMoreover, lenders would pass water to reminder the activities of borrowers over to each one loan’s disembodied spirit span. The net prove would be an imperfect parceling of resources in an providence. 3. point and explain three stinting disincentives that probably would yield the flow of bills mingled with household savers of funds and corporate users of funds in an economic world without pe cuniary intermediaries. Investors popularly be averse to secure securities outright because of (a) remindering cost, (b) liquid state cost, and (c) scathe pretend.\r\nmonitor the activities of borrowers requires extensive time, expense, and expertise. As a result, households would prefer to resign this activity to others, and by definition, the resulting lack of monitoring would growth the encounteriness of identifying in corporate debt and fairness food markets. The long-term nature of corporate comeliness and debt would promising eliminate at least a allot of those households leave aloneing to lend silver, as the preference of virtually for near-cash liquidity would dominate the extra returns which whitethorn be available.\r\nThird, the price risk of performances on the substitute markets would increase without the discipline flows and gains growd by towering volume. 4. Identify and explain the two hunt d avers in which FIs may specialize that enab le the smooth flow of funds from household savers to corporate users. FIs serve as conduits between users and savers of funds by providing a brokerage function and by engaging in the as get up novelty function. The brokerage function deal advance both savers and users of funds and can vary according to the firm.\r\nFIs may tolerate only transaction advantages, much(prenominal) as tax deduction brokerages, or they in addition may exsert advisory run which help overcome entropy be, much(prenominal) as replete(p)-line firms like Merrill Lynch. The summation duty period function is accomplished by issuing their own securities, such as deposits and amends policies that be much than attractive to household savers, and using the proceeds to obtain the first-string securities of corporations. thitherfrom, FIs be deal on the costs associated with the corrupt of securities. 5.\r\nIn what reek ar the monetary claims of FIs considered lowly securities, go the m onetary claims of technical corporations argon considered primary securities? How does the transformation influence, or intermediation, reduce the risk, or economic disincentives, to the savers? The funds raised by the fiscal claims issued by mercantile-grade corporations argon used to invest in real assets. These financial claims, which argon considered primary securities, are purchased by FIs whose financial claims therefore are considered standby securities.\r\nSavers who invest in the financial claims of FIs are substantiatively investiture in the primary securities of commercial corporations. However, the knowledge gathering and evaluation expenses, monitoring expenses, liquidity costs, and price risk of placing the enthronements directly with the commercial corporation are reduced because of the efficiencies of the FI. 6. Explain how financial institutions act as delegated monitors. What secondary benefits a lottimes accrue to the entire financial system because of this monitoring exhibit?\r\nBy set superfluity funds into financial institutions, one-on-one investors kick down to the FIs the responsibility of deciding who should fulfil the bullion and of ensuring that the gold is utilized properly by the borrower. In this sense the depositors redeem delegated the FI to act as a monitor on their behalf. The FI can collect information more expeditiously than someone investors. Further, the FI can utilize this information to earn new products, such as commercial loans, that continually update the information pool.\r\nThis more shit monitoring process sends primal informational signals to other participants in the market, a process that reduces information imperfection and unbalance between the ultimate sources and users of funds in the rescue. 7. What are atomic number 23 general areas of FI specialness that are caused by providing various service to sectors of the economy? First, FIs collect and process information more efficien tly than mortal savers. Second, FIs allow for secondary claims to household savers which often take over go liquidity characteristics than primary securities such as quities and bonds. Third, by diversifying the asset base FIs provide secondary securities with pull down price-risk conditions than primary securities. Fourth, FIs provide economies of scale in transaction costs because assets are purchased in erectr centres. Finally, FIs provide maturity intermediation to the economy which allows the introduction of spare types of investment contracts, such as mortgage loans, that are financed with short-term deposits. 8. How do FIs solve the information and related to agency costs when household savers invest directly in securities issued by corporations?\r\nWhat are agency costs? Agency costs occur when owners or managers take actions that are not in the dress hat interests of the equity investor or lender. These costs typically result from the nonstarter to adequately m onitor the activities of the borrower. If no other lender performs these tasks, the lender is subject to agency costs as the firm may not satisfy the covenants in the lending agreement. Because the FI invests the funds of m both small savers, the FI has a greater incentive to collect information and monitor the activities of the borrower. 9.\r\nWhat often is the benefit to the lenders, borrowers, and financial markets in general of the solution to the information problem provided by the braggart(a) financial institutions? one(a) benefit to the solution process is the development of new secondary securities that allow change surface further improvements in the monitoring process. An example is the aver loan that is renewed more quickly than long-term debt. The renewal process updates the financial and in functioning(p) information of the firm more frequently, thereby reducing the drive for restrictive bond covenants that may be fractious and costly to implement. 10.\r\nHow do FIs alleviate the problem of liquidity risk faced by investors who wish to invest in the securities of corporations? Liquidity risk occurs when savers are not able to sell their securities on take on. Commercial swears, for example, hug drug deposits that can be withdrawn at any time. Yet the banks eviscerate long-term loans or invest in illiquid assets because they are able to diversify their portfolios and stop monitor the performance of firms that prevail borrowed or issued securities. Thus individual investors are able to realize the benefits of investing in primary assets without accepting the liquidity risk of direct investment. 1. How do financial institutions help individual savers diversify their portfolio risks? Which type of financial institution is lift out able to achieve this goal? Money set in any financial institution will result in a claim on a more diversified portfolio. Banks lend cash to more different types of corporate, consumer, and government custo mers, and insurance companies beat investments in many different types of assets. Investment in a vulgar fund may generate the greatest diversification benefit because of the fund’s investment in a wide order of stocks and fixed income securities. 2. How can financial institutions invest in wondering(a) assets with funding provided by low-risk liabilities from savers? Diversification of risk occurs with investments in assets that are not perfectly positively correlated. One result of extensive diversification is that the bonnie risk of the asset base of an FI will be less than the average risk of the individual assets in which it has invested. Thus individual investors realize some of the returns of high-risk assets without accepting the corresponding risk characteristics. 13.\r\nHow can individual savers use financial institutions to reduce the transaction costs of investing in financial assets? By pooling the assets of many small investors, FIs can gain economies of sc ale in transaction costs. This benefit occurs whether the FI is lending to a corporate or retail customer, or purchasing assets in the money and detonator markets. In either carapace, operating(a) activities that are intentional to deal in grown volumes typically are more efficient than those activities designed for small volumes. 14. What is maturity intermediation?\r\nWhat are some of the ways in which the risks of maturity intermediation are managed by financial intermediaries? If net borrowers and net lenders have different optimal time horizons, FIs can service both sectors by matching their asset and indebtedness maturities through on- and off-balance sheet hedging activities and flexible gate to the financial markets. For example, the FI can offer the relatively short-term liabilities desired by households and also satisfy the demand for long-term loans such as home mortgages.\r\nBy investing in a portfolio of long-and short-term assets that have variable- and fixed-rate components, the FI can reduce maturity risk photo by utilizing liabilities that have similar variable- and fixed-rate characteristics, or by using futures, picks, swaps, and other derivative products. 15. What are five areas of institution-specific FI specialness, and which types of institutions are most likely to be the service providers? First, commercial banks and other depository institutions are break players for the transmitting of monetary policy from the central bank to the rest of the economy.\r\nSecond, specific FIs often are identify as the major source of finance for genuine sectors of the economy. For example, S;Ls and savings banks traditionalisticly serve the course credit requisites of the residential real estate market. Third, disembodied spirit insurance and allowance funds commonly are encouraged to provide mechanisms to counterchange wealthiness across generations. Fourth, depository institutions efficiently provide payment services to benefit the e conomy. Finally, mutual funds provide appellative intermediation by allowing small investors to purchase pieces of assets with striking minimum sizes such as negotiable CDs and commercial paper issues. 6. How do depository institutions such as commercial banks assist in the executing and transmitting of monetary policy? The Federal Reserve bestride can involve directly the commercial banks in the implementation of monetary policy through changes in the reserve requirements and the discount rate. The open market change and purchase of Treasury securities by the Fed involves the banks in the implementation of monetary policy in a less direct manner. 17. What is meant by credit allocation law?\r\nWhat societal benefit is this type of commandment intended to provide? Credit allocation polity refers to the requirement faced by FIs to lend to genuine sectors of the economy, which are considered to be socially important. These may accept housing and farming. Presumably the prov ision of credit to make houses more affordable or farms more viable leads to a more stable and productive purchase order. 18. Which intermediaries best fulfill the intergenerational wealth change function? What is this wealth transfer process?\r\nLife insurance and indemnity funds often receive special gross relief and other subsidies to assist in the transfer of wealth from one generation to another. In effect, the wealth transfer process allows the accumulation of wealth by one generation to be transferred directly to one or more younger generations by establishing life insurance policies and trust provisions in pension plans. Often this wealth transfer process rid ofs the full marginal tax treatment that a direct payment would incur. 19. What are two of the most important payment services provided by financial institutions?\r\nTo what termination do these services efficiently provide benefits to the economy? The two most important payment services are check clearing and wi re transfer services. Any breakdown in these systems would produce gridlock in the payment system with resulting harmful effects to the economy at both the domestic and potentially the planetary level. 20. What is denomination intermediation? How do FIs assist in this process? Denomination intermediation is the process whereby small investors are able to purchase pieces of assets that normally are sell only in large denominations.\r\nsomebody savers often invest small amounts in mutual funds. The mutual funds pool these small amounts and purchase negotiable CDs which can only be sold in minimum increments of $100,000, but which often are sold in million dollar packages. Similarly, commercial paper often is sold only in minimum amounts of $250,000. Therefore small investors can benefit in the returns and low risk which these assets typically offer. 21. What is damaging externality? In what ways do the being of prohibit externalities justify the extra restrictive fear received by financial institutions?\r\nA negative externality refers to the action by one political party that has an adverse affect on some terzetto party who is not part of the original transaction. For example, in an industrial setting, smoke from a factory that lowers adjoin property hold dears may be viewed as a negative externality. For financial institutions, one foreboding is the contagion effect that can arise when the failure of one FI can cast doubt on the solvency of other institutions in that industry. 22. If financial markets operated perfectly and costlessly, would there be a need for financial intermediaries?\r\nTo a certain extent, financial intermediation hold ups because of financial market imperfections. If information is available costlessly to all participants, savers would not need intermediaries to act as either their brokers or their delegated monitors. However, if there are social benefits to intermediation, such as the transmission of monetary policy or credi t allocation, indeed FIs would exist even in the absence of financial market imperfections. 23. What is mortgage redlining? Mortgage redlining occurs when a lender specifically defines a geographic area in which it refuses to make any loans.\r\nThe term arose because of the area often was outlined on a map with a red pencil. 24. Why are FIs among the most set sectors in the world? When is net regulatory magnetic core positive? FIs are required to enhance the efficient operation of the economy. Successful financial intermediaries provide sources of backing that fund economic growth opportunity that lastly raises the overall level of economic activity. Moreover, successful financial intermediaries provide transaction services to the economy that quicken trade and wealth accumulation.\r\nConversely, damageed FIs create negative externalities for the entire economy. That is, the adverse impact of an FI failure is greater than just the loss to shareholders and other private claiman ts on the FI’s assets. For example, the local market suffers if an FI fails and other FIs also may be thrown into financial distress by a contagion effect. Therefore, since some of the costs of the failure of an FI are generally borne by society at large, the government intervenes in the management of these institutions to comfort society’s interests. This intervention takes the form of linguistic rule.\r\nHowever, the need for regulation to minimize social costs may impose private costs to the firms that would not exist without regulation. This surplus private cost is defined as a net regulatory marrow. Examples allow in the cost of holding excess capital and/or excess militia and the extra costs of providing information. Although they may be socially beneficial, these costs add to private operating costs. To the extent that these additional costs help to avoid negative externalities and to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of the economy, the net regula tory angle is positive. 5. What forms of protection and regulation do regulators of FIs impose to ensure their safety and firmness of purpose? Regulators have issued several guidelines to insure the safety and wisdom of FIs: a. FIs are required to diversify their assets. For example, banks cannot lend more than 10 part of their equity to a virtuoso borrower. b. FIs are required to maintain minimum amounts of capital to cushion any unexpected losses. In the case of banks, the Basle standards require a minimum core and secondary capital of 8 percent of their risk-adjusted assets. c.\r\nRegulators have set up guaranty funds such as BIF for commercial banks, SIPC for securities firms, and state guaranty funds for insurance firms to protect individual investors. d. Regulators also engage in periodic monitoring and surveillance, such as on-site examinations, and request periodic information from the FIs. 26. In the transmission of monetary policy, what is the difference between insi de money and outside money? How does the Federal Reserve get along with try to control the amount of inside money? How can this regulatory position create a cost for the depository financial institutions?\r\nOutside money is that part of the money supply directly produced and controlled by the Fed, for example, coins and currency. Inside money refers to bank deposits not directly controlled by the Fed. The Fed can influence this amount of money by reserve requirement and discount rate policies. In cases where the level of required reserves exceeds the level considered optimal by the FI, the inability to use the excess reserves to generate revenue may be considered a tax or cost of providing intermediation. 27. What are some examples of credit allocation regulation?\r\nHow can this attempt to create social benefits create costs to the private institution? The qualified saving lender test (QTL) requires thrifts to hold 65 percent of their assets in residential mortgage-related asset s to retain the thrift adopt. close to states have enacted usury laws that place maximum restrictions on the interest rates that can be aerated on mortgages and/or consumer loans. These types of restrictions often create additional operating costs to the FI and almost certainly reduce the amount of profit that could be realized without such regulation. 8. What is the purpose of the Home Mortgage Disclosure round? What are the social benefits desired from the legislation? How does the implementation of this legislation create a net regulatory nitty-gritty on financial institutions? The HMDA was passed by coitus to prevent discrimination in mortgage lending. The social benefit is to ensure that everyone who qualifies financially is provided the opportunity to purchase a house should they so desire. The regulatory burden has been to require a written statement indicating the reasons why credit was or was not granted.\r\nSince 1990, the federal regulators have examined millions of mortgage transactions from more than 7,700 institutions each calendar quarter. 29. What legislation has been passed specifically to protect investors who use investment banks directly or indirectly to purchase securities? crack up some examples of the types of abuses for which protection is provided. The Securities make fors of 1933 and 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940 were passed by Congress to protect investors against possible abuses such as insider trading, lack of disclosure, outright malfeasance, and breach of fiducial responsibilities. 30.\r\nHow do regulations regarding barriers to entry and the scope of permitted activities affect the charter value of financial institutions? The profitability of existing firms will be increase as the direct and indirect costs of establishing competition increase. Direct costs embroil the actual physical and financial costs of establishing a business. In the case of FIs, the financial costs include raising the necessary minimum capital to receive a charter. Indirect costs include permission from regulatory authorities to receive a charter. once more in the case of FIs this cost involves acceptable lead to the regulators.\r\nAs these barriers to entry are stronger, the charter value for existing firms will be higher. 31. What reasons have been realisen(p) for the growth of investment companies at the expense of â€Å"traditional” banks and insurance companies? The upstart growth of investment companies can be attributed to two major factors: a. Investors have demanded change magnitude access to direct securities markets. Investment companies and pension funds allow investors to take positions in direct securities markets while still obtaining the risk diversification, monitoring, and transactional efficiency benefits of financial intermediation.\r\n many experts would argue that this growth is the result of increased sophistication on the part of investors; others would argue that the ability to use these markets has caused the increased investor awareness. The growth in these assets is inarguable. b. Recent episodes of financial distress in both the banking and insurance industries have led to an increase in regulation and governmental oversight, thereby increasing the net regulatory burden of â€Å"traditional” companies. As such, the costs of intermediation have increased, which increases the cost of providing services to customers. 2. What are some of the methods which banking organizations have employed to reduce the net regulatory burden? What has been the effect on profitability? Through regulatory changes, FIs have begun changing the mix of business products offered to individual users and providers of funds. For example, banks have acquired mutual funds, have expanded their asset and pension fund management businesses, and have increased the security underwriting activities. In addition, legislation that allows banks to establish branches anywhere in th e United States has caused a wave of mergers.\r\nAs the size of banks has grown, an expansion of possible product offerings has created the potential for lower service costs. Finally, the emphasis in recent years has been on products that generate increases in stipend income, and the entire banking industry has benefited from increased profitability in recent years. 33. What characteristics of financial products are necessary for financial markets to become efficient alternatives to financial intermediaries? Can you give some examples of the commoditization of products which were previously the sole property of financial institutions?\r\nFinancial markets can replace FIs in the voice communication of products that (1) have standardized equipment casualty, (2) serve a large number of customers, and (3) are sufficiently understood for investors to be comfortable in assessing their prices. When these three characteristics are met, the products often can be treated as commodities. On e example of this process is the migration of over-the-counter options to the publicly traded option markets as trading volume grows and trading terms become standardized. 34. In what way has Regulation 144A of the Securities and convert Commission provided an incentive to the process of financial disintermediation?\r\n'